Data archive for exploring pedestrian dynamics and its application in dimensioning of facilities for multidirectional streams

In this paper an overview of an open data archive with data from experiments investigating pedestrian dynamics is presented. As an example of the use of this data the analysis of recently published data about the capacity of crossings is shown

City-Marketing und City-Management – Instrumente zur Abstimmung von Stadt- und Einzelhandelsentwicklung und zur Sicherung einer mittelständisch geprägten Einzelhandelsstruktur in den neuen Bundesländern?

Als neues Instrument oder Verfahren zieht seit Ende der 80er Jahre City-Marketing ein gut Teil des Interesses der Fachöffentlichkeit (1) auf sich. City-Marketing betont die Verbindung zwischen Stadt- und Wirtschaftsentwicklung und steht für eine stärkere Ausrichtung der Stadtentwicklung an Marktmechanismen. Kritiker der Leistungsfähigkeit der Städte bei der Lösung innerstädtischer Probleme gehen weiter: Sie fordern eine Organisation, die mit einer aus der Wirtschaft abgeleiteten Effizienz die Cityprobleme bearbeitet (2), ein City-Management, welches etwa auch dem ortsansässigen mittelständischen Handel Hilfestellungen anbieten kann. Für beide Begriffe liegen noch keine allgemein akzeptierten Definitionen vor – beide Begriffe werden vielfach auch synonym verwandt (3). Da im Vordergrund des vorliegenden Beitrags die Frage steht, welchen Beitrag City-Marketing zur Stärkung des mittelständischen Einzelhandels in den neuen Bundesländern leisten kann, wird im ersten Abschnitt einleitend das Spannungsverhältnis zwischen Einzelhandel und Städtebau unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der speziellen Problemstellungen in den neuen Bundesländern skizziert. Der zweite Abschnitt fragt zunächst nach den Gründen für den Erfolg der Konzepte City-Marketing und City-Management voneinander, bevor dann die Erfahrungen mit ihnen in den alten Bundesländern aufgezeigt werden. Im dritten Abschnitt werden die besonderen Probleme des mittelständischen Einzelhandels in den neuen Bundesländern vertieft, bevor im abschließenden Kapitel der Frage nachgegangen werden soll, ob City-Marketing und CityManagement im Spannungsfeld zwischen Einzelhandel und Städtebau taugliche Konzepte zum Aufbau einer mittelständisch geprägten Einzelhandelsstruktur darstellen

Universal flow-density relation of single-file bicycle, pedestrian and car motion

The relation between flow and density is an essential quantitative characteristic to describe the efficiency of traffic systems. We have performed experiments with single-file motion of bicycles and compare the results with previous studies for car and pedestrian motion in similar setups. In the space-time diagrams we observe three different states of motion (free flow state, jammed state and stop-and-go waves) in all these systems. Despite of their obvious differences they are described by a universal fundamental diagram after proper rescaling of space and time which takes into account the size and free velocity of the three kinds of agents. This indicates that the similarities between the systems go deeper than expected.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure

The influence of physical and mental constraints to a stream of people through a bottleneck

Understanding movement in heterogeneous groups is important for a meaningful evaluation of evacuation prediction and for a proper design of buildings. The understanding of interactions and influencing factors in heterogeneous groups on key performance figures is fundamental for a safe design. This contribution presents results of experimental studies on movement of a crowd through a bottleneck involving participants with and without disabilities. High precise trajectories of the attendees extracted from video recordings were used to calculate density and velocity of the participants. Besides the well-established fundamental diagram new insights into the individual relation between density and velocity are discussed. A complex structure and considerate behaviour in movement implicates a strong influence of the heterogeneity on key performance values of safe movement

Crowding and Queuing in Entrance Scenarios: Influence of Corridor Width in Front of Bottlenecks

In this paper, we present results of an entrance experiment investigating the effect of the corridor width in front of a bottleneck on the density. The idea is based on a previous study suggesting that a guiding system in front of an entrance can reduce pushing of the waiting people and thus the density at the entrance. In our study we aim to find out to what extend the corridor width has an impact on crowding or queuing behavior and with that on the density. The results of the presented experiment suggest that the transition takes place between a corridor width of 1.2 m and 2.3 m. The total duration of each experimental run is not significantly influenced by the corridor width but by the width of the entrance itself, the number of participants and partly by the motivation. In general, the density in front of the gate as well as the area of high density is increased by widening the corridor and by intensifying the motivation of the participants. However, the results also suggest that also the number of participants significantly influences the occurrence of pushing and the level of density

The Influence of Wheelchair Users on Movement in a Bottleneck and a Corridor

Emergency exits as bottlenecks in escape routes are important for designing traffic facilities. Particularly, the capacity estimation is a crucial performance criterion for assessment of pedestrians’ safety in built environments. For this reason, several studies were performed during the last decades which focus on the quantification of movement through corridors and bottlenecks. These studies were usually conducted with populations of homogeneous characteristics to reduce influencing variables and for reasons of practicability. Studies which consider heterogeneous characteristics in performance parameters are rarely available. In response and to reduce this lack of data a series of well-controlled large-scale movement studies considering pedestrians using different types of wheelchairs was carried out. As a result it is shown that the empirical relations "mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"""mml:mover accent="false"""mml:mrow""mml:mi"ρ"/mml:mi""/mml:mrow""mml:mo"¯"/mml:mo""/mml:mover""mml:mo stretchy="false""("/mml:mo""mml:mover accent="false"""mml:mrow""mml:mi"v"/mml:mi""/mml:mrow""mml:mo"¯"/mml:mo""/mml:mover""mml:mo stretchy="false"")"/mml:mo""/mml:math" and "mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"""mml:mover accent="false"""mml:mrow""mml:msub""mml:mrow""mml:mi"J"/mml:mi""/mml:mrow""mml:mrow""mml:mi"s"/mml:mi""/mml:mrow""/mml:msub""/mml:mrow""mml:mo"¯"/mml:mo""/mml:mover""mml:mo stretchy="false""("/mml:mo""mml:mover accent="false"""mml:mrow""mml:mi"ρ"/mml:mi""/mml:mrow""mml:mo"¯"/mml:mo""/mml:mover""mml:mo stretchy="false"")"/mml:mo""/mml:math" are strongly affected by the presence of participants with visible disabilities (such as wheelchair users). We observed an adaption of the overall movement speeds to the movement speeds of participants using a wheelchair, even for low densities and free flow scenarios. Flow and movement speed are in a complex relation and do not depend on density only. In our studies, the concept of specific flow fits for the nondisabled subpopulation but it is not valid for scenario considering wheelchair users in the population. Document type: Articl

Psoriasis and Diabetes: A Multicenter Study in 222078 Type 2 Diabetes Patients Reveals High Levels of Depression

Objective. This study aimed to investigate the association between psoriasis and disease outcome in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods. 222078 T2D patients (≥10 years old) from the prospective, multicenter diabetes patient registry were analyzed. Specific search items were used to identify psoriasis patients. Multiple regression models were fitted and adjusted for demographic confounder. Results. 232 T2D patients had comorbid psoriasis. After adjusting psoriasis patients revealed a higher BMI (31.8 [31.0; 32.6] versus 30.6 [30.5; 30.6] kg/m2, p=0.004) and HbA1c (64.8 [62.1; 67.6] versus 59.0 [58.9; 59.1] mmol/mol, p<0.0001). Insulin was used more frequently (62.3 [55.7; 68.5] versus 50.9 [50.7; 51.1] %, p=0.001), only OAD/GLP-1 was similar, and nonpharmacological treatment was less common (13.3 [9.5; 18.3] versus 21.9 [21.7; 22.1] %, p=0.002). Severe hypoglycemia (0.31 [0.238; 0.399] versus 0.06 [0.057; 0.060] events per patient-year, p<0.0001), hypertension (86.1 [81.1; 90.0] versus 68.0 [67.8; 68.2] %, p<0.0001), and thyroid disease (14.0 [10.1; 19.2] versus 4.6 [4.5; 4.7] %, p<0.0001) were more prevalent. Depression occurred more often (10.5 [7.1; 15.2] versus 2.8 [2.7; 2.8] %, p<0.0001). Conclusions. Clinical diabetes characteristics in psoriasis T2D patients were clearly worse compared to patients without psoriasis. Comorbid conditions and depression were more prevalent, and more intensive diabetes therapy was required

Influences of Extraction Techniques on the Quality of Measured Quantities of Pedestrian Characteristics

For the proper understanding and modelling of pedestrian dynamics, reliable empirical data are necessary. Trajectories of every person with a high temporal and spatial resolution allow a detailed analysis of movement as well as the calibration and verification of microscopic models in space and time.To extract individual trajectories on a microscopic level different techniques have been developed de- pending on miscellaneous requirements. In this paper we analyse how the quality of quantities like velocity or density depend on the technique chosen to track pedestrians. For this purpose, errors due to perspective distortion, use of markers, type of markers, and other conditions will be scrutinized.It turns out that the usage of imaging systems like cameras give currently the best results and that marker particularly structured marker for detecting a person in a crowd obtain the most accurate trajectory especially if the height of the person is coded by the marker or the distance to the camera is measured otherwise. To minimize the errors resulting from the perspective view a small angle of view and thus high mounted cameras should be used for capturing the whole area of interest. The small angle of view also decreases the risk of occlusion and lens systems for large focal lengths usually have a smaller optical distortion error