The Influence of Citrus urantium and Caffeine Complex versus Placebo on the Cardiac Autonomic Response: A Double Blind Crossover Design

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the resting cardiac autonomic nervous system’s response to the ingestion of a complex containing Citrus aurantium + Caffeine (CA + C) and its influence on recovery following a high-intensity anaerobic exercise bout in habitual caffeine users. Methods: Ten physically active males (25.1 ± 3.9 years; weight 78.71 ± 9.53 kg; height 177.2 ± 4.6 cm; body fat 15.5 ± 3.13%) participated in this study, which consisted of two exhaustive exercise protocols in a randomized crossover design. On each visit the participants consumed either a CA + C (100 mg of CA and 100 mg of C) or placebo (dextrose) capsule. After consumption, participants were monitored throughout a 45-min ingestion period, then completed a repeated Wingate protocol, and were then monitored throughout a 45-min recovery period. Cardiac autonomic function (Heart Rate (HR) and Heart Rate Variability (HRV)) and plasma epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine(NE) were taken at four different time points; Ingestion period: baseline (I1), post-ingestion period (I2); Recovery period: immediately post-exercise (R1), post-recovery period (R2). Heart rate variability was assessed in 5-min increments. Results: A repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant time-dependent increases in HR, sympathetic relatedmarkers of HRV, and plasma E and NE at I2 only in the CA + C trial (p\u3c 0.05); however, no meaningful changes in parasympathetic markers of HRV were observed. Participants recovered in a similar time-dependent manner in all markers of HRV and catecholamines following the PLA and CA + C trials. Conclusion: The consumption of CA + C results in an increase of sympathetic activity during resting conditions without influencing parasympathetic activity. CA + C provides no influence over cardiac autonomic recovery

Resting Vagal Tone Following a 16-Week High-Intensity Functional Training Intervention: 2110 Board #262 June 2, 3: 30 PM - 5: 00 PM

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine alterations in resting vagal tone through the measurement of heart rate variability (HRV) over a 16-week CF training program. METHODS: Nine apparently healthy females (35.8 ± 9.25 years) participated in this study. On two separate occasions, Pre and Post 16-week, participants attended the Exercise Science lab in order to obtain a 10-minute resting HRV recording using Polar Team2 monitors (Lake Success, NY). In order to quantify HRV, the last five-minute segments of each 10-minute recording were analyzed using online Kubios software (Version 2.2). The markers used to quantify HRV were the time domain of the Root Mean Square of Successive Differences (RMSSD) and the High-frequency (HF) of the power spectrum density. RESULTS:Data was log transformed due to a violation of normality and expressed as lnRMSSD and lnHF. Paired sample t-tests showed no significant differences between pre and post lnRMSSD (Pre: 1.60 ± 0.24 ms2, Post: 1.64 ± 0.20 ms2; p = 0.510) and lnHF (Pre: 1.68 ± 0.18 ms2, Post: 1.70 ± 0.19 ms2; p = 0.765). CONCLUSIONS:16-weeks of HIFT was not sufficient enough to significantly influence markers of resting vagal tone

Skeletal Adaptations After 16-Weeks of High Intensity Functional Training: 620 Board #1 June 1, 1: 00 PM - 3: 00 PM

PURPOSE: To examine if gender played a role in skeletal mass adaptations in active adults after 16-weeks of HIFT. METHODS: Nine men (34.2 ± 9.12 years, 1.78 ± 0.05 m, 91.5 ± 17.7 kg) and 17 women (36.3 ± 7.84 years, 1.63 ± 0.07 m, 68.5 ± 12.8 kg) with CrossFit™ experience completed 16-weeks (2-5 sessions/wk) of HIFT. Within two weeks prior to training, pre-testing (PRE) measures of bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured using Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA). Strength was assessed via a five-repetition maximal front squat (5RM). Post-testing (POST) was completed following 16-weeks of training. RESULTS: Repeated measures analysis of variance did not reveal any significant interactions between the measures. Paired-samples t-tests showed a significant (p \u3c 0.001) decrease in BMD (PRE: 1.24 ± 0.16 g/cm2, POST: 1.09 ± 0.27 g/cm2), an increase in BMC (PRE: 2,855.7 ± 610.68 g, POST: 2,869.2 ± 600.44 g) and an increase in strength (PRE: 66.02 ± 21.52 Kg, POST: 74.43 ± 22.16 Kg) for the entire group. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that a 16-week HIFT program is a suitable exercise modality to increase strength and BMC. However, we believe the length of our study may not be suitable to positively influence BMD. Future studies should consider longer interventions and controlling for total work volume

Body Composition And Strength Changes Following 16-weeks Of High-intensity Functional Training.: 3606 Board #45 June 4, 8: 00 AM - 9: 30 AM

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine changes in body composition and strength among apparently healthy individuals following 16-weeks of HIFT. METHODS: 53 individuals originally signed up for the study. Testing sessions included pre and post measures for body composition (Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry) and strength (5RM Front squat). Training included participation in HIFT a minimum of twice a week for 16-weeks. RESULTS: 26 individuals (49%) completed the 16-week program and provided all required measures. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed no gender effect on strength or body composition outcomes. Paired-sample t-tests showed significant improvements in the front squat (Males - Pre: 86.87 ± 19.68 kg, Post: 95.71 ± 19.96 kg; p \u3c 0.001, Females - Pre: 48.97 ± 9.24 kg, Post: 57.02 ± 10.27 kg; p \u3c 0.001), as well as a decreases in total body fat percentage (Males - Pre: 24.49 ± 7.49 %, Post: 22.87 ± 6.63 %; p \u3c 0.05, Females - Pre: 31.29 ± 7.29 %, Post: 30.08 ± 8.33 %; p \u3c 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: High-Intensity Functional Training seems to be an appropriate exercise modality among apparently healthy individuals to significantly improve strength and body composition after 16-weeks of training

Changes in body composition, bone metabolism, strength, and skill-specific performance resulting from 16-weeks of HIFT.

High Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) is a training modality, characterized by multimodal exercises performed at high-intensity. Little is known about the training adaptations that occur as a prolonged training program. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in body composition, bone metabolism, strength, and skill-specific performance over 16-weeks of HIFT. Twenty-six recreationally active adult males (n = 9; 34.2 ± 9.1 y; 91.5 ± 17.7 kg; 178.5 ± 5.4 cm) and females (n = 17 = 36.4 ± 7.9 y; 91.5 ± 17.7 kg; 162.9 ± 7.0 cm) completed pre and post training assessments of body composition (Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry) and performance measures. Performance was assessed using three HIFT workouts (WOD 1-3) to assess strength, skill, and metabolic performance. Aside from the body composition measurements, all assessments were carried out at the local training facility. Training included participation in HIFT a minimum of twice a week for 16-weeks. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a significant gender x time interaction in Bone Mineral Content (BMC) (p = 0.027), where improvements favored women (1.0% ± 1.1%, p = 0.004) over men (-0.1% + 0.8%, p = 0.625). Further, region-specific analysis indicated that women (2.5% ± 3.0%, p < 0.005) experienced greater improvements in the trunk compared to men (-0.3% ± 1.8%, p = 0.621), while changes in leg BMC were comparable between women (0.8% ± 1.0%, p < 0.001) and men (0.3% ± 0.6%, p < 0.001). Although no other interactions were observed, significant performance improvements were noted for all participants in WOD 1 (18.3% ± 16.8%), absolute 5RM (14.4% ± 9.7%), relative 5RM (15.4% ± 9.2%), WOD 2 (5.7% ± 6.5%), and WOD 3 (-17.3% ± 14.7%). These data indicate that 16-weeks of HIFT resulted in positive outcomes in strength, metabolic conditioning performance, and body composition

Skill-based Performance Improves After 16-weeks Of High-intensity Functional Training: 621 Board #2 June 1, 1: 00 PM - 3: 00 PM

PURPOSE: To determine if gender affected measures of skill-based performance following 16-weeks of HIFT. METHODS: 26 apparently healthy men (n = 9; 34.2 ± 9.12 yrs; 1.78 ± 0.05 m; 91.5 ± 17.7 kg) and women (n = 17; 36.3 ± 7.84 yrs; 1.63 ± 0.07 m; 68.5 ± 12.8 kg) volunteered to complete 16-weeks (2-5 sessions/week) of HIFT, with a focus on general physical preparedness (GPP) at a CrossFit™ affiliate. Prior to training (within 2-weeks), pre-testing (PRE) measures of skill-based performance were collected. These included: Thrusters (Squat Press) - 20 repetitions for time (seconds), Double-Unders (Rope Jumping) - as many repetitions as possible in two-minutes, maximal number of Russian Kettle-Bell Swings in three-minutes, and maximal number of Burpees in three-minutes. Post-testing (POST) occurred within 2-weeks of training completion. RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA did not indicate any significant (p \u3e 0.05) interaction (gender x time) for any of the skill-based performance measures. Paired-samples t-tests showed significant improvements in Thrusters (PRE: 93.50 ± 33.42 s, POST: 62.04 ± 24.32 s, p \u3c 0.001), Double-Unders (PRE: 60.65 ± 69.42 reps, POST: 73.62 ± 69.54 reps, p \u3c 0.001), Kettle-Bell Swings (PRE: 82.00 ± 14.26 reps, POST: 93.38 ± 12.89 reps, p = 0.001) and Burpees (PRE: 32.04 ± 8.33 reps, POST: 36.50 ± 12.46 reps, p = 0.006) for the entire group. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that a 16-week GPP program of HIFT improves skill-specific performance in both men and women

Autonomic response to a short and long bout of high-intensity functional training

The evaluation of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) recovery following exercise provides insight into the transient stress placed on the cardiovascular system. High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) is a form of intense exercise that is prescribed in various modalities and durations; however, little is known about the influence of HIFT duration on ANS recovery. Ten apparently healthy males (28.1 ± 5.4 yrs) performed two HIFT sessions (\u3c5-minute and 15-minute) in a crossover fashion. ANS activity was measured using plasma Epinephrine (E) and Norepineprine (NE); Heart Rate Variability markers of the log transformed Root Mean Square of Successive Differences (lnRMSSD) and High-Frequency power (lnHF). No trial dependent differences were observed in lnRMSSD (p = 0.822), lnHF (p = 0.886), E (p = 0.078), or NE (p = 0.194). A significant main time effect was observed in both trials with a depression in lnRMSSD and lnHF following the trials (p \u3c 0.05) and recovering by 2-hours post (p = 0.141, p \u3e 0.999) respectively. A trial dependent increase in E and NE occurred immediately post (p \u3c 0.05) and recovered by 1-hour post (p \u3e 0.999, p \u3e 0.999) respectively. The HIFT bouts examined within this study demonstrated similar transient strain of the ANS

Description of performance-based workouts.

<p>Description of performance-based workouts.</p

Changes in total body composition following 16-wks of high intensity functional training.

<p>Changes in total body composition following 16-wks of high intensity functional training.</p

Total number of workouts (and percentages) for the 16-week intervention.

<p>Total number of workouts (and percentages) for the 16-week intervention.</p