Barriers to a Consistent Philosophy: An Analysis of the Depatment of Health and Human Services Division of Licensing and Regulatory Services

In 2004, under the directive of the Governor and the Legislature, Maine\u27s Department of Human Services and department of Behavioral & Developmental Services merged to form the department of Health and human Services. As a result of the merger, the Division of Licensing and Regulatory Services was created to coordinate all licensing activities of the newly merged departments

Nucleotide pools dictate the identity and frequency of ribonucleotide incorporation in mitochondrial DNA

<div><p>Previous work has demonstrated the presence of ribonucleotides in human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and in the present study we use a genome-wide approach to precisely map the location of these. We find that ribonucleotides are distributed evenly between the heavy- and light-strand of mtDNA. The relative levels of incorporated ribonucleotides reflect that DNA polymerase γ discriminates the four ribonucleotides differentially during DNA synthesis. The observed pattern is also dependent on the mitochondrial deoxyribonucleotide (dNTP) pools and disease-causing mutations that change these pools alter both the absolute and relative levels of incorporated ribonucleotides. Our analyses strongly suggest that DNA polymerase γ-dependent incorporation is the main source of ribonucleotides in mtDNA and argues against the existence of a mitochondrial ribonucleotide excision repair pathway in human cells. Furthermore, we clearly demonstrate that when dNTP pools are limiting, ribonucleotides serve as a source of building blocks to maintain DNA replication. Increased levels of embedded ribonucleotides in patient cells with disturbed nucleotide pools may contribute to a pathogenic mechanism that affects mtDNA stability and impair new rounds of mtDNA replication.</p></div

Identification of free 5´- ends at OriH and ribonucleotides at OriL.

<p>(A) Reads per million on H-strand (upper panel) and L-strand (lower panel) at OriH using 5´-End-seq, (B) Reads per million on L-strand at OriL using HydEn-seq (upper panel) and 5´-End-seq (lower panel).</p

Ribonucleotide incorporation in mtDNA from fibroblasts from patients with genetic defects in <i>TK2</i>, <i>DGUOK</i> or <i>MPV17</i>.

<p>(A) Hierarchical clustering of HydEn-seq libraries (undigested or digested with HincII). (B) Ribonucleotide content for H-strand (H) and L-strand (L) for patient-derived mutant cell lines. (C) Ribonucleotide incorporation frequency per 1,000 bases of its complementary nucleotides calculated on H-strand and L-strand for fibroblasts and patient-derived mutant lines. (D) Quantification of ribonucleotides in H-strand and L-strand per mtDNA molecule in fibroblasts and patient-derived mutant lines.</p

Interdisciplinary problem solving workshops for grizzly bear conservation in Banff National Park, Canada

Policy sciences, Interdisciplinary problem solving, Decision process, Q method, Collaborative decision making, Conservation policy, Wildlife management, Grizzly bear,