A Proposed CNN Model for Audio Recognition on Embedded Device

The audio detection system enables autonomous cars to recognize their surroundings based on the noise produced by moving vehicles. This paper proposes the utilization of a machine learning model based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) integrated into an embedded system supported by a microphone. The system includes a specialized microphone and a main processor. The microphone enables the transmission of an accurate analog signal to the main processor, which then analyzes the recorded signal and provides a prediction in return. While designing an adequate hardware system is a crucial task that directly impacts the predictive capability of the system, it is equally imperative to train a CNN model with high accuracy. To achieve this goal, a dataset containing over 3000 up-to-5-second WAV files for four classes was obtained from open-source research. The dataset is then divided into training, validation, and testing sets. The training data is converted into images using the spectrogram technique before training the CNN. Finally, the generated model is tested on the testing segment, resulting in a model accuracy of 77.54%

THỰC TRẠNG GIẢI PHÓNG MẶT BẰNG ĐẤT NGHĨA TRANG, NGHĨA ĐỊA DỰ ÁN KHU ĐÔ THỊ TÂY NAM XÃ NHƠN LÝ, KHU KINH TẾ NHƠN HỘI, TỈNH BÌNH ĐỊNH

This study used data collection methods, expert methods, and methods of synthesizing, processing, and analyzing data and maps and charts, with a management and practical approach combined with an approach from a cultural perspective. The research results show that the Southwest urban area project in Nhon Ly commune has 1,100 graves affected, with 78.93% of the cemetery and graveyard land area recovered. People whose graves are subject to relocation will be compensated, supported with graves, architectural objects, and grave moving expenses, and will be allocated land to build graves in the reburial area. Interview results show that 100% of people are satisfied with the evaluation criteria of implementation personnel, process, time, and grave relocation plan. However, the standard deviation CS1, CS2 with CV>1 shows that households' opinions on compensation and support costs do not have a high consensus. On the other hand, the project is behind schedule. The study has proposed solutions that have implications for supplementing legal policies and law enforcement organizations to improve the effectiveness of cemetery and graveyard land clearance in the study area.Nghiên cứu này sử dụng phương pháp thu thập số liệu, phương pháp chuyên gia, phương pháp tổng hợp, xử lý, phân tích số liệu và bản đồ, biểu đồ, với cách tiếp cận dưới góc độ quản lý, thực tiễn kết hợp tiếp cận dưới góc độ văn hóa. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy, dự án khu đô thị Tây Nam xã Nhơn Lý có 1.100 mộ bị ảnh hưởng, với 78,93% diện tích đất nghĩa trang, nghĩa địa bị thu hồi. Người có mồ mả thuộc diện di dời được bồi thường, hỗ trợ mồ mả, vật kiến trúc, chi phí di chuyển mồ mả, đồng thời được giao đất xây dựng mồ mả tại khu cải táng. Kết quả phỏng vấn cho thấy, 100% người dân hài lòng với các tiêu chí đánh giá về nhân sự thực hiện, quy trình, thời gian và kế hoạch di dời mồ mả. Tuy nhiên, độ lệch chuẩn CS1, CS2 với CV>1 cho thấy ý kiến các hộ dân về chi phí bồi thường, hỗ trợ chưa có sự đồng thuận cao. Mặt khác, dự án chậm tiến độ. Nghiên cứu đã đề xuất các giải pháp, trong đó có hàm ý bổ sung chính sách pháp luật và tổ chức thực thi pháp luật nhằm nâng cao hiệu quả công tác giải phóng mặt bằng đất nghĩa trang, nghĩa địa tại địa bàn nghiên cứu

ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA MỘT SỐ YẾU TỐ ĐẾN KHẢ NĂNG SINH TRƯỞNG VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN LOÀI VẰNG SẺ (Jasminum subtriplinerve) TRONG GIAI ĐOẠN VƯỜN ƯƠM

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of factors on the growth and development of Jasminum subtriplinerve in nursery periods. The experiments were arranged according to the Split - Splot method, three repetitions. In experiment 1, the large plot had 6 concentrations of IAA and the small plot had 3 types of cuttings. experiment 2, the large plot had 3 types of substrates and the small plot had 4 levels of leaf cutting area. After 90 days, the seedling growth indicators of the best treatments of experiments 1 and 2:  The survival rate: 83,33, 83,00%; The budding rate: 96,67, 96,67%; Number of buds: 3,00, 3,40 buds/cutting; Height: 12,93, 12,77 cm; Diameter: 0,86, 0,93 mm; Number of leaves/bud: 5,80, 5,93, rooting index: 122,62, 199,04 cm. The results of this study show that the breeding formula for of Jasminum subtriplinerve species that can be applied in the nursery stage is as follows: middle cuttings with 15 - 20 cm long, at least 3-4 burning eyes; leave 2 - 4 leaves, cut off 1/3 of the leaf area; growth stimulant is IAA concentration 1,000ppm; the substrate consists of 60% ancient alluvial soil + 10% sand + 22% manure + 5% microbial fertilizer + 3% NPK.Nghiên cứu này được thực hiện nhằm đánh giá ảnh hưởng của các yếu tố đến sinh trưởng và phát triển của loài Vằng sẻ (Jasminum subtriplinerve) trong giai đoạn vườn ươm. Các thí nghiệm được bố trí theo phương pháp Split – Splot, ba lần lặp lại. Trong đó, thí nghiệm 1, ô lớn là 6 nồng độ chất điều hòa sinh trưởng (ĐHST) 3-Indoleacetic acid (IAA) và ô nhỏ là 3 loại hom; thí nghiệm 2, ô lớn là 3 loại thành phần giá thể và ô nhỏ là 4 diện tích cắt lá. Sau 90 ngày, các chỉ tiêu sinh trưởng của các công thức tốt nhất của thí nghiệm 1 và 2 lần lượt là: tỷ lệ sống: 83,33, 83,00%; tỷ lệ nảy chồi: 96,67, 96,67%; số chồi: 3,00, 3,40 chồi/hom; chiều cao: 12,93, 12,77 cm; đường kính: 0,86, 0,93 mm; số lá/chồi: 5,80, 5,93 và chỉ số ra rễ: 122,62, 199,04 cm. Kết quả nghiên cứu này chỉ ra rằng, công thức nhân giống loài Vằng sẻ có thể áp dụng trong giai đoạn vườn ươm là: loại hom bánh tẻ, độ dài 15 – 20 cm, có ít nhất 3 – 4 mắt dương; số lá để lại 2 – 4  lá, cắt bỏ 1/3 diện tích lá; chất ĐHST là IAA, nồng độ 1.000ppm; giá thể gồm 60% đất phù sa cổ + 10% cát + 22% phân chuồng + 5% phân vi sinh + 3% NPK

Evaluation of awake prone positioning effectiveness in moderate to severe COVID-19

Evidence mainly from high income countries suggests that lying in the prone position may be beneficial in patients with COVID-19 even if they are not receiving invasive ventilation. Studies indicate that increased duration of prone position may be associated with improved outcomes, but achieving this requires additional staff time and resources. Our study aims to support prolonged (≥ 8hours/day) awake prone positioning in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease in Vietnam. We use a specialist team to support prone positioning of patients and wearable devices to assist monitoring vital signs and prone position and an electronic data registry to capture routine clinical data

CSA: Thực hành nông nghiệp thông minh với khí hậu ở Việt Nam

During the last five years, Vietnam has been one of the countries most affected by climate change. Severe typhoons, flooding, cold spells, salinity intrusion, and drought have affected agriculture production across the country, from upland to lowland regions. Fortunately for Vietnam, continuous work in developing climate-smart agriculture has been occurring in research organizations and among innovative farmers and entrepreneurs. Application of various CSA practices and technologies to adapt to the impact of climate change in agriculture production have been expanding. However, there is a need to accelerate the scaling process of these practices and technologies in order to ensure growth of agriculture production and food security, increase income of farmers, make farming climate resilient, and contribute to global climate change mitigation. This book aims to provide basic information to researchers, managers, and technicians and extentionists at different levels on what CSA practices and technologies can be up scaled in different locations in Vietnam

Urinary catecholamine excretion, cardiovascular variability, and outcomes in tetanus

Severe tetanus is characterized by muscle spasm and cardiovascular system disturbance. The pathophysiology of muscle spasm is relatively well understood and involves inhibition of central inhibitory synapses by tetanus toxin. That of cardiovascular disturbance is less clear, but is believed to relate to disinhibition of the autonomic nervous system. The clinical syndrome of autonomic nervous system dysfunction (ANSD) seen in severe tetanus is characterized principally by changes in heart rate and blood pressure which have been linked to increased circulating catecholamines. Previous studies have described varying relationships between catecholamines and signs of ANSD in tetanus, but are limited by confounders and assays used. In this study, we aimed to perform detailed characterization of the relationship between catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline), cardiovascular parameters (heart rate and blood pressure) and clinical outcomes (ANSD, mechanical ventilation required, and length of intensive care unit stay) in adults with tetanus, as well as examine whether intrathecal antitoxin administration affected subsequent catecholamine excretion. Noradrenaline and adrenaline were measured by ELISA from 24-h urine collections taken on day 5 of hospitalization in 272 patients enrolled in a 2 × 2 factorial-blinded randomized controlled trial in a Vietnamese hospital. Catecholamine results measured from 263 patients were available for analysis. After adjustment for potential confounders (i.e., age, sex, intervention treatment, and medications), there were indications of non-linear relationships between urinary catecholamines and heart rate. Adrenaline and noradrenaline were associated with subsequent development of ANSD, and length of ICU stay

Risk Factors of Streptococcus suis Infection in Vietnam. A Case-Control Study

Background: Streptococcus suis infection, an emerging zoonosis, is an increasing public health problem across South East Asia and the most common cause of acute bacterial meningitis in adults in Vietnam. Little is known of the risk factors underlying the disease. Methods and Findings: A case-control study with appropriate hospital and matched community controls for each patient was conducted between May 2006 and June 2009. Potential risk factors were assessed using a standardized questionnaire and investigation of throat and rectal S. suis carriage in cases, controls and their pigs, using real-time PCR and culture of swab samples. We recruited 101 cases of S. suis meningitis, 303 hospital controls and 300 community controls. By multivariate analysis, risk factors identified for S. suis infection as compared to either control group included eating "high risk" dishes, including such dishes as undercooked pig blood and pig intestine (OR1 = 2.22; 95% CI = [1.15-4.28] and OR2 = 4.44; 95% CI = [2.15-9.15]), occupations related to pigs (OR1 = 3.84; 95% CI = [1.32-11.11] and OR2 = 5.52; 95% CI = [1.49-20.39]), and exposures to pigs or pork in the presence of skin injuries (OR1 = 7.48; 95% CI = [1.97-28.44] and OR2 = 15.96; 95% CI = [2.97-85.72]). S. suis specific DNA was detected in rectal and throat swabs of 6 patients and was cultured from 2 rectal samples, but was not detected in such samples of 1522 healthy individuals or patients without S. suis infection. Conclusions: This case control study, the largest prospective epidemiological assessment of this disease, has identified the most important risk factors associated with S. suis bacterial meningitis to be eating 'high risk' dishes popular in parts of Asia, occupational exposure to pigs and pig products, and preparation of pork in the presence of skin lesions. These risk factors can be addressed in public health campaigns aimed at preventing S. suis infectio

Adjunctive dexamethasone for the treatment of HIV-uninfected adults with tuberculous meningitis stratified by Leukotriene A4 hydrolase genotype (LAST ACT): Study protocol for a randomised double blind placebo controlled non-inferiority trial [version 1; referees: 2 approved]

Background: Tuberculosis kills more people than any other bacterial infection worldwide. In tuberculous meningitis (TBM), a common functional promoter variant (C/T transition) in the gene encoding leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H), predicts pre-treatment inflammatory phenotype and response to dexamethasone in HIV-uninfected individuals. The primary aim of this study is to determine whether LTA4H genotype determines benefit or harm from adjunctive dexamethasone in HIV-uninfected Vietnamese adults with TBM. The secondary aim is to investigate alternative management strategies in individuals who develop drug induced liver injury (DILI) that will enable the safe continuation of rifampicin and isoniazid therapy.  Methods: We will perform a parallel group, randomised (1:1), double blind, placebo-controlled,  multi-centre Phase III non-inferiority trial, comparing dexamethasone versus placebo for 6-8 weeks in addition to standard anti-tuberculosis treatment in HIV-uninfected patients with TBM stratified by LTA4H genotype. The primary endpoint will be death or new neurological event. The trial will enrol approximately 720 HIV-uninfected adults with a clinical diagnosis of TBM, from two hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. 640 participants with CC or CT- LTA4H genotype will be randomised to either dexamethasone or placebo, and the remaining TT- genotype participants will be treated with standard-of-care dexamethasone. We will also perform a randomised comparison of three management strategies for anti-tuberculosis DILI. An identical ancillary study will also be perfomed in the linked randomised controlled trial of dexamethasone in HIV-infected adults with TBM (ACT HIV).  Discussion: Previous data have shown that LTA4H genotype may be a critical determinant of inflammation and consequently of adjunctive anti-inflammatory treatment response in TBM. We will stratify dexamethasone therapy according to LTA4H genotype in HIV-uninfected adults, which may indicate a role for targeted anti-inflammatory therapy according to variation in LTA4H C/T transition. A comparison of DILI management strategies may allow the safe continuation of rifampicin and isoniazid

Dynamic Prediction of Death in Patients With Tuberculous Meningitis Using Time-updated Glasgow Coma Scale and Plasma Sodium Measurements.

BACKGROUND: Pretreatment predictors of death from tuberculous meningitis (TBM) are well established, but whether outcome can be predicted more accurately after the start of treatment by updated clinical variables is unknown. Hence, we developed and validated models that dynamically predict mortality using time-updated Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and plasma sodium measurements, together with patient baseline characteristics. METHODS: We included 1048 adults from 4 TBM studies conducted in southern Vietnam from 2004 to 2016. We used a landmarking approach to predict death within 120 days after treatment initiation using time-updated data during the first 30 days of treatment. Separate models were built for patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We used the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) to evaluate performance of the models at days 10, 20, and 30 of treatment to predict mortality by 60, 90, and 120 days. Our internal validation was corrected for overoptimism using bootstrap. We provide a web-based application that computes mortality risk within 120 days. RESULTS: Higher GCS indicated better prognosis in all patients. In HIV-infected patients, higher plasma sodium was uniformly associated with good prognosis, whereas in HIV-uninfected patients the association was heterogeneous over time. The bias-corrected AUC of the models ranged from 0.82 to 0.92 and 0.81 to 0.85 in HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected individuals, respectively. The models outperformed the previously published baseline models. CONCLUSIONS: Time-updated GCS and plasma sodium measurements improved predictions based solely on information obtained at diagnosis. Our models may be used in practice to define those with poor prognosis during treatment.This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust (grant number 106680/B/14/Z) and the Wellcome Trust Intermediate Fellowship (grant number WT097147MA to J. D.). M. E. T. is a Clinician Scientist Fellow supported by the Academy of Medical Sciences, the Health Foundation, the MRC Newton Fund, and the National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre

Prognostic models for 9 month mortality in tuberculous meningitis

Background: Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most severe form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. We developed and validated prognostic models for 9-month mortality in HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected adults with TBM. Methods: We included 1699 subjects from four randomized clinical trials and one prospective observational study conducted at two major referral hospitals in Southern Vietnam from 2001-2015. Modelling was based on multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. The final prognostic models were validated internally and temporally, and displayed using nomograms and a web-based app (https://thaole.shinyapps.io/tbmapp/). Results: A total of 951 HIV-uninfected and 748 HIV-infected subjects with TBM were included, of whom 219/951 (23.0%) and 384/748 (51.3%) died during 9-month follow-up. Common predictors for increased mortality in both populations were higher Medical Research Council (MRC) disease severity grade and lower cerebrospinal fluid lymphocyte cells count. In HIV-uninfected subjects, older age, previous tuberculosis, not receiving adjunctive dexamethasone, and focal neurological signs were additional risk factors; in HIV-infected subjects, lower weight, lower peripheral blood CD4 cell count, and abnormal plasma sodium were additional risk factors. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) for the final prognostic models were 0.77 (HIV-uninfected population) and 0.78 (HIV-infected population), demonstrating markedly better discrimination than the MRC grade (AUC 0.66 and 0.70) or the Glasgow Coma Score (AUC 0.68 and 0.71) alone. Conclusions: The developed models showed good performance and could be used in clinical practice to assist doctors in identifying TBM patients at high risk of death and at increased need of supportive care.This work was supported by the Academy of Medical Sciences and the Health Foundation (Clinician Scientist Fellowship to M. E. T.), the National Institute of Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (M. E. T), and a Wellcome Trust Intermediate Fellowship (grant number WT097147MA) to J.D