A study of the predicate in its relationship to the subject, object and adjunct in Zulu

Thj.s work is a synchronic study of syntax in Zulu and has its as central theme, verb-noun relations. In these relations.~hree phenomena were found to be important, (A) The liaison semantic features (LSFs) (B) word-order as shown by nouns in relation to the verb (C) Transitivity (A ) 'l'he LS Fs The noun may be the subject, object or adjunct depending on the function it has taken up. These functional terms subject, object and adjunct are more concerned with structural segments of a sentence rather than.semantic relationship of segments. Con,aequently a sem1.mtic model of ,,SFs showing the semat1tic-relaticmal features of nouns, is evolved. Such features are determined by the kind of verb used. The major LSFs are: (a) Agentive / r.nstrumental (bl Patient/ Factive It is realised that if the semantic content of the relationship is left out, the study of a sentence is bound to suffer from explanatory in adequacy. (B) The Ordering of nouns in relation to the verb The ordering of nouns is only achieved by front shifting and back-shifting <:J e.g. a noun occurring post-verbally is shifted to the front so that it occured before the verb: \lshaya .tnkom6 (he hits a cow) V:LJ.l - 1nkom6, uyayishaya (*the cow, he hits it) 'l'he noun occurring bcfon::, the vci-b n1<,y bo shifted to the back as in \~mf6na uy,1h1c1.mba ( the boy is walking) vs. uyahamba umt'ciw, (*he is walking, a boy) Such shifting goes along with focus which expresses prominence. The ordering of nouns may therefore result in: (a) a change in the form 01: a noun or verb · (b) a change in the meaning of a sentence These two changes are usually concomitant i.e. a change in the form of a sentence is accompanied by a change in its meaning. For the purposes of convenience, the orderings have been divided into two i.e. primary worid-order (where the agentive normally occupies the first slot and the factive occupies the second) and secondary word-order (front-shifting of the factive and back-shifting of the agentive). Nouns may take adjunct function in these orderings as when their forms are inflected, cf. t\rn:Cclna 1.'ivela esikoleni (the boy comes from school) inko:n6 i.:,,,h;,5ywa ngud1fana ( the cow is hit by a boy) Whereas some adjuncts have a fixed position, others have a flexible position. (C) Transitivity Another verb-noun relation is observed in transitivity which characterises predicate-object relation" transitivity helps identify different kinds of objects: (i) Optional object (this is lT mainly a primary object) (i.i) Compulsory object (this is mainly a fixed object) (iii) Prohibited object (Use object is shifted .out because of intransitive use of the verb) ix - After the identification of these objects, a number of transitivity structures are established. Th\:.~se transitive structures are established on the types of objects found. The predicates cannot categorically b<~ divided into transitive and intn1nsitive in Zulu. One can accept· that some predicates have a wider choice of objects than others. Those predicates which have limited choice of objects have the patient preferring the First slot while the second is left vacant. When the predicate has such a limited choice of objects we have semi-transitive structure. Transitivity is therefore conveniently divided into: (a) Non-transitive: the predicate is used in such a way that the object is prohibited e.g. U:-:-1·Cana \1:x:.:ilusa (the boy herds) ' Urn.f6:11a. U .i i:ih~ },e (the boy is injured) In the latter example, however, the object. may be added, in which case it becomes semi-transitive. (See below). (b) Semi-transitive: the predicate has a limited choice of objects e.g. Jmfana Jlim6le !dol6 (the boy is injured in the knee) um'.'ana uhambc\ i:,;r',iela (the boy goes a journey) (c) Complete transitive: the, predicate has a wide choiice of object.,: t.here an, two sub-divisions here: ( i) mc,nc)--tr;.,.\::,; __ s :.i.. ·L :Live:: the pi·.-::~,;< tea. Lf~ takes on.Ly tl:e µcLnan, object(s) e.g. a cow) X - (ii) dj,tranc; i ti.ve: the predicate takes the primary and the secondary objects e.g. 0babd 0n!ka 0mfdna incwadi (father gives the boy a book) Complete transitivity is mainly measured by its capacity of being used in passive construction i.e. it has the active and passive diatheses. Transitivity indicates versatility of the predicate in choosing its objects: one and the same predicate may be used in structures which are non-transitive, semi-transitive and complete transitive. In Zulu, extensions play a. big role in transitivity.African LanguagesM.A. (Bantu Languages

The clause in the Zulu sentence

In this investigation an attempt is made to reveal the internal relationship of units in the Zulu clause as well as the external relationship of clauses. Internal relationship deals with the organization of units within a clause and the implications thereof, Sometimes this is referred to as intra-clausal relationship, External relationship deals with co-ordination and subordination of clauses in a sentence (inter-clausal relationship) and this is the major concern of the investigation, In our selection of sentences we have been guided by the facts of language so that both system- and text-sentences are considered. Co-ordination, which is a process of linking clauses, is divided into: A. Conjoining co-ordination: 1. Ordinary conjoining co-ordination 2. Zeugmatic and sylleptic conjoining co-ordination. B, Juxtapositioning co-ordination: 1. Paratactic co-ordination 2. Consecutive co-ordination 3. Serial co-ordination C. Lexemic co-ordination: 1. Proper co-ordination 2. Pleonastic co-ordination 3. Quasi- co-ordination 4. Periphrastic co-ordination. Subordination, also a linking process, has the following clauses: A. Modifying subordinate clauses: 1. Relative clause 2. Descriptive clause (Expansion clause) B. Complementing subordinate clause: 1. Directive clause 2. Complementary clause 3. Reported clause Text-sentences, based on a folktale, are divided into: 1. Free sentences 2. Bound sentences: (a) Sequential sentences (b) Elliptical sentences Pragmatic structures are divided into: 1. Topic construction 2. Existential construction 3. Prominence construction: (a) Focus construction (b) Emphatic construction In the end it is noted that the division of co-ordination and subordination of clauses in Zulu is not always straightforward, At times an overlap is detected between co-ordination and subordination. This has necessitated the sub-classification of co-ordination into: 1. Full-fledged co-ordination 2. Marginal co-ordination Meaning as attached to clauses may be divided into: 1. Descriptive meaning 2. Pragmatic meaning 3. Presuppositional meaning 4. Propositional meaningAfrican LanguagesD. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages

Impact of integrated tuberculosis/human immunodeficiency virus (TB/HIV) services in Africa

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic presents a significant challenge to global tuberculosis (TB) control. Worldwide, TB is the most opportunistic infection affecting HIV positive individuals, and it remains the most common cause of death in patients with AIDS. To address the dual burden of TB/HIV, World Health Organization (WHO) developed guidelines promoting the collaboration of the two programmes to achieve holistic patient care. However, in most African countries this policy is often not implemented at the level of patient care contributing to delayed diagnosis and linkage to care. In Africa, the control of TB/HIV a co-infection remains a major challenge despite the availability of international guidelines of TB/HIV services. Hence this study seeks to systematically review the impact of TB/HIV collaborative services in Africa. In order to identify relevant studies, electronic database: Pubmed, Embase, CIHNAL and Sabinet were searched from 2005 to end of august 2013. The general search structure for electronic databases was (impact of or synonyms) AND (collaborat* or integrat*) AND (TB/HIV or TB-HIV or TB and HIV) AND (services) AND (Africa). Further studies were identified by citations in retrieved papers and by consultation with experts. The level of integration seems to vary according to country and facility. It was evident that the impact of TB/HIV integration is somewhat difficult to rigorously measure; hence rigorous evaluative studies are needed to measure the impact of TB/HIV integration. This is due to different models of integration employed in different facilities and countries in Africa

Accuracy of a smartphone application for blood pressure estimation in Bangladesh, South Africa, and Tanzania

Abstract Undetected and unmonitored hypertension carries substantial mortality and morbidity, especially during pregnancy. We assessed the accuracy of OptiBPTM, a smartphone application for estimating blood pressure (BP), across diverse settings. The study was conducted in community settings: Gaibandha, Bangladesh and Ifakara, Tanzania for general populations, and Kalafong Provincial Tertiary Hospital, South Africa for pregnant populations. Based on guidance from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 81,060–2:2018 for non-invasive BP devices and global consensus statement, we compared BP measurements taken by two independent trained nurses on a standard auscultatory cuff to the BP measurements taken by a research version of OptiBPTM called CamBP. For ISO criterion 1, the mean error was 0.5 ± 5.8 mm Hg for the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and 0.1 ± 3.9 mmHg for the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in South Africa; 0.8 ± 7.0 mmHg for the SBP and −0.4 ± 4.0 mmHg for the DBP in Tanzania; 3.3 ± 7.4 mmHg for the SBP and −0.4 ± 4.3 mmHg for the DBP in Bangladesh. For ISO criterion 2, the average standard deviation of the mean error per subject was 4.9 mmHg for the SBP and 3.4 mmHg for the DBP in South Africa; 6.3 mmHg for the SBP and 3.6 mmHg for the DBP in Tanzania; 6.4 mmHg for the SBP and 3.8 mmHg for the DBP in Bangladesh. OptiBPTM demonstrated accuracy against ISO standards in study populations, including pregnant populations, except in Bangladesh for SBP (criterion 2). Further research is needed to improve performance across different populations and integration within health systems