Coking of JP-4 fuels in electrically heated metal tubes

A limited exploratory investigation of the rate of coking of four JP-4 fuels in electrically heated metal tubes was conducted in order to provide design information for fuel prevaporizers for turbojet-engine combustors. The fuels tested included two production and two minimum-quality JP-4 type fuels. The heating tube was operated at fuel pressures of approximately 500, 400, and 50 pounds per square inch. The operating fuel temperature was varied between approximately 600 degrees and 1200 degrees F

Comparative Safety and Effectiveness of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy for Weight Loss and Type 2 Diabetes Across Race and Ethnicity in the PCORnet Bariatric Study Cohort

IMPORTANCE: Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for severe obesity; yet it is unclear whether the long-term safety and comparative effectiveness of these operations differ across racial and ethnic groups. OBJECTIVE: To compare outcomes of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) across racial and ethnic groups in the National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network (PCORnet) Bariatric Study. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a retrospective, observational, comparative effectiveness cohort study that comprised 25 health care systems in the PCORnet Bariatric Study. Patients were adults and adolescents aged 12 to 79 years who underwent a primary (first nonrevisional) RYGB or SG operation between January 1, 2005, and September 30, 2015, at participating health systems. Patient race and ethnicity included Black, Hispanic, White, other, and unrecorded. Data were analyzed from July 1, 2021, to January 17, 2022. EXPOSURE: RYGB or SG. OUTCOMES: Percentage total weight loss (%TWL); type 2 diabetes remission, relapse, and change in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level; and postsurgical safety and utilization outcomes (operations, interventions, revisions/conversions, endoscopy, hospitalizations, mortality, 30-day major adverse events) at 1, 3, and 5 years after surgery. RESULTS: A total of 36 871 patients (mean [SE] age, 45.0 [11.7] years; 29 746 female patients [81%]) were included in the weight analysis. Patients identified with the following race and ethnic categories: 6891 Black (19%), 8756 Hispanic (24%), 19 645 White (53%), 826 other (2%), and 783 unrecorded (2%). Weight loss and mean reductions in HbA1c level were larger for RYGB than SG in all years for Black, Hispanic, and White patients (difference in 5-year weight loss: Black, -7.6%; 95% CI, -8.0 to -7.1; P \u3c .001; Hispanic, -6.2%; 95% CI, -6.6 to -5.9; P \u3c .001; White, -5.9%; 95% CI, -6.3 to -5.7; P \u3c .001; difference in change in year 5 HbA1c level: Black, -0.29; 95% CI, -0.51 to -0.08; P = .009; Hispanic, -0.45; 95% CI, -0.61 to -0.29; P \u3c .001; and White, -0.25; 95% CI, -0.40 to -0.11; P = .001.) The magnitude of these differences was small among racial and ethnic groups (1%-3% of %TWL). Black and Hispanic patients had higher risk of hospitalization when they had RYGB compared with SG (hazard ratio [HR], 1.45; 95% CI, 1.17-1.79; P = .001 and 1.48; 95% CI, 1.22-1.79; P \u3c .001, respectively). Hispanic patients had greater risk of all-cause mortality (HR, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.24-4.70; P = .01) and higher odds of a 30-day major adverse event (odds ratio, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.38-2.68; P \u3c .001) for RYGB compared with SG. There was no interaction between race and ethnicity and operation type for diabetes remission and relapse. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Variability of the comparative effectiveness of operations for %TWL and HbA1c level across race and ethnicity was clinically small; however, differences in safety and utilization outcomes were clinically and statistically significant for Black and Hispanic patients who had RYGB compared with SG. These findings can inform shared decision-making regarding bariatric operation choice for different racial and ethnic groups of patients

Altered mRNA expression of genes related to nerve cell activity in the fracture callus of older rats: A randomized, controlled, microarray study

BACKGROUND: The time required for radiographic union following femoral fracture increases with age in both humans and rats for unknown reasons. Since abnormalities in fracture innervation will slow skeletal healing, we explored whether abnormal mRNA expression of genes related to nerve cell activity in the older rats was associated with the slowing of skeletal repair. METHODS: Simple, transverse, mid-shaft, femoral fractures with intramedullary rod fixation were induced in anaesthetized female Sprague-Dawley rats at 6, 26, and 52 weeks of age. At 0, 0.4, 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks after fracture, a bony segment, one-third the length of the femur, centered on the fracture site, including the external callus, cortical bone, and marrow elements, was harvested. cRNA was prepared and hybridized to 54 Affymetrix U34A microarrays (3/age/time point). RESULTS: The mRNA levels of 62 genes related to neural function were affected by fracture. Of the total, 38 genes were altered by fracture to a similar extent at the three ages. In contrast, eight neural genes showed prolonged down-regulation in the older rats compared to the more rapid return to pre-fracture levels in younger rats. Seven genes were up-regulated by fracture more in the younger rats than in the older rats, while nine genes were up-regulated more in the older rats than in the younger. CONCLUSIONS: mRNA of 24 nerve-related genes responded differently to fracture in older rats compared to young rats. This differential expression may reflect altered cell function at the fracture site that may be causally related to the slowing of fracture healing with age or may be an effect of the delayed healing

NACA Research Memorandums

A limited exploratory investigation of the rate of coking of four JP-4 fuels in electrically heated metal tubes was conducted in order to provide design information for fuel prevaporizers for turbojet-engine combustors. The fuels tested included two production and two minimum-quality JP-4 type fuels. The heating tube was operated at fuel pressures of approximately 500, 400, and 50 pounds per square inch. The operating fuel temperature was varied between approximately 600 degrees and 1200 degrees F

Efficacy and cost effectiveness of lansoprazole versus omeprazole in maintenance treatment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease

Objective: To determine the dosing equivalents and cost effectiveness of lansoprazole versus omeprazole in maintenance therapy of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Study Design: Single-blind, randomized, crossover study. Patients and Methods: After completing a 1-week washout period, 27 outpatients (mean age, 66 years) with documented GERD were randomly assigned to receive omeprazole 20 mg or lansoprazole 15 mg daily for 2 weeks. The dosages were then increased to omeprazole 40 mg or lansoprazole 30 mg daily for an additional 2 weeks. All patients completed a second 1-week washout period before crossing over to the alternate agent. Patients recorded GERD-related symptoms (heartburn, chest pain, and regurgitation) daily in a diary. The total symptom score (the sum of the 3 individual symptom scores) were compared for all treatments. Cost effectiveness was evaluated by determining the cost per percent reduction in the total symptom score. Results: All treatment groups had significant reductions from baseline in the total symptom score (P \u3c 0.01), No significant difference was seen between lansoprazole 15-mg and omeprazole 20-mg groups or the the lansoprazole 30-mg and omeprazole 40-mg groups. Lansoprazole 15 mg was found to be as effective as omeprazole 40 mg and omeprazole 20 mg was as effective as lansoprazole 30 mg. The average cost per percent reduction in total symptom score was $0.03 for the lansoprazole 15-mg, lansoprazole 30-mg, and omeprazole 20-mg doses and$0.05 for the omeprazole 40-mg dose. Conclusion: Lansoprazole is as effective as omeprazole in providing symptomatic relief of GERD, Based on acquisition cost, lansoprazole is more cost effective than omeprazole

Efficacy and cost effectiveness of lansoprazole versus omeprazole in maintenance treatment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease

Objective: To determine the dosing equivalents and cost effectiveness of lansoprazole versus omeprazole in maintenance therapy of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Study Design: Single-blind, randomized, crossover study. Patients and Methods: After completing a 1-week washout period, 27 outpatients (mean age, 66 years) with documented GERD were randomly assigned to receive omeprazole 20 mg or lansoprazole 15 mg daily for 2 weeks. The dosages were then increased to omeprazole 40 mg or lansoprazole 30 mg daily for an additional 2 weeks. All patients completed a second 1-week washout period before crossing over to the alternate agent. Patients recorded GERD-related symptoms (heartburn, chest pain, and regurgitation) daily in a diary. The total symptom score (the sum of the 3 individual symptom scores) were compared for all treatments. Cost effectiveness was evaluated by determining the cost per percent reduction in the total symptom score. Results: All treatment groups had significant reductions from baseline in the total symptom score (P \u3c 0.01), No significant difference was seen between lansoprazole 15-mg and omeprazole 20-mg groups or the the lansoprazole 30-mg and omeprazole 40-mg groups. Lansoprazole 15 mg was found to be as effective as omeprazole 40 mg and omeprazole 20 mg was as effective as lansoprazole 30 mg. The average cost per percent reduction in total symptom score was $0.03 for the lansoprazole 15-mg, lansoprazole 30-mg, and omeprazole 20-mg doses and$0.05 for the omeprazole 40-mg dose. Conclusion: Lansoprazole is as effective as omeprazole in providing symptomatic relief of GERD, Based on acquisition cost, lansoprazole is more cost effective than omeprazole

Efficacy and cost effectiveness of lansoprazole versus omeprazole in maintenance treatment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease

Objective: To determine the dosing equivalents and cost effectiveness of lansoprazole versus omeprazole in maintenance therapy of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Study Design: Single-blind, randomized, crossover study. Patients and Methods: After completing a 1-week washout period, 27 outpatients (mean age, 66 years) with documented GERD were randomly assigned to receive omeprazole 20 mg or lansoprazole 15 mg daily for 2 weeks. The dosages were then increased to omeprazole 40 mg or lansoprazole 30 mg daily for an additional 2 weeks. All patients completed a second 1-week washout period before crossing over to the alternate agent. Patients recorded GERD-related symptoms (heartburn, chest pain, and regurgitation) daily in a diary. The total symptom score (the sum of the 3 individual symptom scores) were compared for all treatments. Cost effectiveness was evaluated by determining the cost per percent reduction in the total symptom score. Results: All treatment groups had significant reductions from baseline in the total symptom score (P \u3c 0.01), No significant difference was seen between lansoprazole 15-mg and omeprazole 20-mg groups or the the lansoprazole 30-mg and omeprazole 40-mg groups. Lansoprazole 15 mg was found to be as effective as omeprazole 40 mg and omeprazole 20 mg was as effective as lansoprazole 30 mg. The average cost per percent reduction in total symptom score was $0.03 for the lansoprazole 15-mg, lansoprazole 30-mg, and omeprazole 20-mg doses and$0.05 for the omeprazole 40-mg dose. Conclusion: Lansoprazole is as effective as omeprazole in providing symptomatic relief of GERD, Based on acquisition cost, lansoprazole is more cost effective than omeprazole