シリア北東部半乾燥地域における土壌浸食危険度の評価

京都大学0048新制・課程博士博士(農学)甲第8434号農博第1118号新制||農||801(附属図書館)学位論文||H12||N3391(農学部図書室)UT51-2000-F338京都大学大学院農学研究科農芸化学専攻(主査)教授 小﨑 隆, 教授 三野 徹, 教授 小林 愼太郎学位規則第4条第1項該当Doctor of Agricultural ScienceKyoto UniversityDFA

Analysis of Meteorological Measurements made over Three Rainy Seasons and Rainfall Simulations in Sinazongwe District, Southern Province, Zambia

Zambia has frequently been affected by abnormal weather and droughts. Our research focused on the type of meteorological data required to assist farmers\u27 efforts to avoid the risks associated with these weather conditions. We conducted local meteorological observations from September 2007 to August 2010 at three sites in Sinazongwe District, Zambia. The three rainy seasons of this period coincided in sequence with La Niña (normal) and El Niño conditions. The mean annual precipitation for the three years of our study exceeded 1200 mm, which was considerably more than the regional annual average rainfall from 1970 to 2000 of a round 800 mm per year. We used detailed analyses of intraseasonal variations in other meteorological elements to attempt to explain the high precipitation.Local circulation dominated in our research area, while heavy rain induced by convection in the afternoon and night might account for precipitation exceeding the norm. We numerically simulated meteorological conditions over the past decade to determine whether the annual precipitation observed since September 2007 indeed exceeded the norm. lntra-seasonal variations in precipitation, such as high rainfall in December during the 2007/2008 rainy season, a gradual increase in cumulative precipitation through 2008/2009, and high rainfall in February in the 2009/2010 rainy season were possibly controlled by El Niño - Southern Oscil lation. Our results suggest that annual variations in precipitation are common in this area and that the precipitation we observed did not necessarilyexceed the norm

Indigenous Climate Information and Modern Meteorological Records in Sinazongwe District, Southern Province, Zambia

In 2007, we conducted field research in Sinazongwe District in Southern Province, Zambia, focusing on collecting indigenous information concerning the local climate, which was often embodied in proverbs involving weather forecasts. The indigenous information was compared with recently collected meteorological records and a relationship between popular folk knowledge, local climate, and global climate factors such as ENSO (El Nino and the Southern Oscillation) was suggested. Proverbs related to agriculture and climate were categorized into four types of indicators used to forecast rain: the emergence of butterflies; tree characteristics (producing shoots, flowering, and dropping water); wind direction, wind speed, and temperature; and wind sound. The first two types are based on sea sonal changes in life forms, and the latter two use wind variations produced by synoptic pattern changes

Farmers’ perspectives as determinants for adoption of conservation agriculture practices in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India

Understanding the farmer's perspective has traditionally been critical to influencing the adoption and out-scaling of CA-based climate-resilient practices. The objective of this study was to investigate the biophysical, socio-economic, and technical constraints in the adoption of CA by farmers in the Western- and Eastern-IGP, i.e., Karnal, Haryana, and Samastipur, Bihar, respectively. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was administered to 50 households practicing CA in Western- and Eastern-IGP. Smallholder farmers (<2 ha of landholding) in Karnal are 10% and Samastipur 66%. About 46% and 8% of households test soil periodically in Karnal and Samastipur, respectively. Results of PCA suggest economic profitability and soil health as core components from the farmer's motivational perspective in Karnal and Samastipur, respectively. Promotion and scaling up of CA technologies should be targeted per site-specific requirements, emphasizing biophysical resource availability, socio-economic constraints, and future impacts of such technology

Staged hybrid repair for a patient with chronic type B aortic dissection

Vascular prosthesis replacement and thoracic endovascular repair (TEVAR) are used to treat patients with enlarged chronic type B aortic dissection. A case in which thrombosis of the false lumen was achieved by the staged combination of these two methods is presented. A 41-year-old woman with a thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (maximum short diameter 44 mm) identified 5 years earlier was being monitored as an outpatient in our department when she presented with back pain. Computed tomography (CT) showed acute type B aortic dissection (DeBakey type IIIa), which was managed conservatively. When CT showed an aortic dissection with a patent false lumen immediately below the left subclavian artery bifurcation, one-debranching TEVAR was performed to close the entry, along with right axillary artery to left axillary artery bypass surgery. Outpatient CT at 3 months postoperatively showed rapid enlargement in the vicinity of the celiac artery. Thoracoabdominal aortic replacement to prevent rupture was performed, and the patient was then monitored as an outpatient. CT at age 43 years showed enlargement of the residual false lumen. Additional TEVAR was successfully performed. Thus, three-stage treatment was conducted to enlarge the residual false lumen, causing successful thrombosis of the false lumen

Long-term results of modified bentall procedures: 18-year experience of the flanged technique

Objectives: To evaluate the early and late outcomes of the modified Bentall procedure with the flanged technique. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 63 patients who had undergone root replacement by the modified Bentall procedure at our institute between January 2001 and December 2018. In most cases, we adopted a composite graft constructed with a mechanical valve or bioprosthesis and a Dacron graft by the flanged technique. Since 2011, we have used Valsalva grafts. Results: Mean age 57 ± 16 years, range 16-80, male 43 cases. The mean follow-up was 75 ± 56 months (range 0-216). Through April 1, 2020, we could follow up on 61 cases (97%) within a six-month period. Hospital mortality was 7.9% (4.8% in elective cases). In late follow-up, eight deaths were observed. In the bio-Bentall group (n=26), no deaths or major adverse valve-related events (MARVEs) occurred. In the mechanical Bentall group (n=37), seven cases of MARVEs, including two cerebral hemorrhages and one cerebral embolism, were observed. All patients were free from MARVEs at 5 years post procedure in the bio-Bentall group, and 93.8% and 76.8% were event-free at 5 years and 10 years, respectively, in the mechanical Bentall group. Conclusions: The 18-year results of the modified Bentall procedure were acceptable, providing excellent outcomes in the bio-Bentall group. The flanged technique enabled the use of a larger prosthesis, which may have resulted in good durability with the bio-Bentall procedure

EFFECTIVENESS OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF URINE APPLICATION ON VEGETABLES IN CENTRAL NEPAL

Ecological sanitation can be defined as water conserving and nutrient recycling system for use of human urine and excreta in agriculture. In Nepal, every year 180 thousand ton of chemical fertilizer were imported. Ecological sanitation would count a lot to utilize locally available resources, to regenerate soil fertility, and to save national currency. The study was carried out at District, Nepal from March – August, 2016 to test the efficacy of human urine for improving crop performance and to estimate the feasibility of ecological sanitation. Five eco-san toilets were constructed and questionnaire survey was done. Villagers were asked about socio-economic parameters, farming practices, awareness of ecological sanitation and fertilizer value of urine. Eighty three percent respondents were engaged in agriculture growing mainly vegetables, which may raise the feasibility of ecological sanitation. Their concern on water deficiency in dry season, high demand of chemical fertilizer, sanitation awareness need to be solved. In the field experiment, cauliflower was cultivated to compare the fertilizer value of urine with chemical fertilizer and no fertilizer with three replications. Urine fertilized plots produced similar yields compared to those with chemical fertilizer and higher yields than those without fertilizer. To be able to generalize this conclusion, it is important to conduct experiments with different seasonal crops

Household perceptions about the impacts of climate change on food security in the mountainous region of Nepal

This study tried to understand the mountainous households' perception of climate change and its impacts on food security in the Lamjung district of Nepal. The study attempted to find out changes in households food security and daily activities in the face of climate change for the last twenty years. The study started with the 150 household surveys along with participatory rural appraisal to understand the climate change perception of local people and its impact on dimensions of food security. Households expressed different levels of perception in terms of climate change on food security. The result shows that most of the mountainous households experienced increased temperature, less rainfall in winter, an increasing number of natural disasters and the emergence of insects for the last twenty years. They perceived the role of climate change in decreased crop production, decreased dairy products and increased household work. The situation of food security is likely to be more vulnerable to climate change in the future. It was also observed that households have been using different autonomous adaptation measures, such as high yielding crop varieties, enhanced irrigation systems and fertilizers, to cope with the changing climate. Finally, the study recommended policy instruments to enhance food security in the mountainous region amidst changing climate