CASE REPORT DELAYED PROGRESSION AND INEFFICIENT TRANSMISSION OF HIV-2

Abstract. We report a case of HIV-2 infection with delayed progression, taking approximately one and a half decades to develop HIV related symptoms. The spouse was still negative for HIV with a history of having regular unprotected sex with the index case which highlights the inefficient transmissibility of HIV-2. Continued surveillance is needed in screening of HIV-2 infection, especially in cases with a high index of suspicion and risk factors for HIV-2, as these patients develop AIDS related symptoms quite late due to delayed progression

A case of bilateral empyema with pericardial effusion caused by streptococcus intermedius in an immunocompetent patient

Streptococcus intermedius, a member of the Streptococcus anginosus group and a part of the human oropharyngeal microbiome, is a recognised pathogen, mostly in immunocompromised patients or post gastrointestinal surgery, known to cause suppurative metastatic abscesses. We present an unusual case of bilateral empyema with pericardial effusion caused by Streptococcus intermedius in a healthy 30-year-old adult male patient with no known predisposing factors.This case report illustrates the ability of S. intermedius to produce life-threatening empyema in a healthy adult without any predisposing factors

Utility of Serum Neopterin and Serum IL-2 Receptor Levels to Predict Absolute CD4 T Lymphocyte Count in HIV Infected Cases

A prospective study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of serum neopterin and soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) concentrations in comparison to CD4 count to study the progression of HIV disease and monitor response to ART in HIV cases. One hundred newly diagnosed HIV seropositive subjects were recruited. CD4 counts were determined by FACS system. Serum neopterin and sIL-2R levels were measured using enzyme immunoassay. In our study, levels of neopterin and sIL-2R were significantly higher in subjects with CD4 <200 cells/μL (with S. neopterin levels of >25.1 nmol/L and sIL-2R levels of >47.1 pM as cutoff values for CD4 <200 cells/μL) compared to those in subjects with CD4 >200 cells/μL at baseline which indicate that these markers can be utilized for initiation of ART in HIV cases. The levels of these markers decreased significantly after initiation of ART. In patients with CD4 >200 cells/μL, these markers are helpful in predicting disease progression

Demographic characteristics of enrolled infants.

<p>Demographic characteristics of enrolled infants.</p

Profile of clinical isolates^*.

<p>Profile of clinical isolates^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0180705#t004fn002" target="_blank">*</a>}.</p

Definitions used in the study^*.

<p>Definitions used in the study^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0180705#t001fn001" target="_blank">*</a>}.</p