95 research outputs found
The net reproduction rate and the type-reproduction number in multiregional demography
In order to study effects of migration on demographic changes of multiregional populations, multiregional population modelling is a useful traditional tool. Although multiregional mathematical demography has been extensively explored since the beginning of the 1970s, its key concept, the multiregional net reproduction rate, has been long neglected. In this review, we focus on a multiregional stable population system and elaborate the definition of the multiregional net reproduction rate. Next we introduce the type-reproduction number from mathematical epidemiology and show that it becomes a useful index to formulate a simple control relation for a multiregional population. Mathematical ideas presented here will help us to reconsider multiregional mathematical demography, which is a useful theoretical framework to study effects of interregional migration on population dynamics and composition.
Basic concepts for the Kermack and McKendrick model with static heterogeneity
In this paper, we consider the infection-age-dependent Kermack--McKendrick
model in which host individuals are distributed in a continuous state space. To
provide a mathematical foundation for the heterogeneous model, we develop a
-framework to formulate basic epidemiological concepts.
First, we show the mathematical well-posedness of the basic model under
appropriate conditions allowing the unbounded parameters with non-compact
domain. Next we define the basic reproduction number and prove the pandemic
threshold theorem. We then present a systematic procedure to compute the
effective reproduction number and the herd immunity threshold. Finally we give
some illustrative examples and concrete results by using the separable mixing
assumption.Comment: 26 page
A systematic procedure for incorporating separable static heterogeneity into compartmental epidemic models
In this paper, we show how to modify a compartmental epidemic model, without
changing the dimension, such that separable static heterogeneity is taken into
account. The derivation is based on the Kermack-McKendrick renewal equation
The effect of host population heterogeneity on epidemic outbreaks
In the first part of this paper, we review old and new results about the
influence of host population heterogeneity on (various characteristics of)
epidemic outbreaks. In the second part we highlight a modelling issue that so
far has received little attention: how do contact patterns, and hence
transmission opportunities, depend on the size and the composition of the host
population? Without any claim on completeness, we offer a range of potential
(quasi-mechanistic) submodels. The overall aim of the paper is to describe the
state-of-the-art and to catalyse new work.Comment: 36 pages, 5 figure
Hopf bifurcation in a chronological age-structured SIR epidemic model with age-dependent infectivity
In this paper, we examine the stability of an endemic equilibrium in a chronological age-structured SIR (susceptible, infectious, removed) epidemic model with age-dependent infectivity. Under the assumption that the transmission rate is a shifted exponential function, we perform a Hopf bifurcation analysis for the endemic equilibrium, which uniquely exists if the basic reproduction number is greater than . We show that if the force of infection in the endemic equilibrium is equal to the removal rate, then there always exists a critical value such that a Hopf bifurcation occurs when the bifurcation parameter reaches the critical value. Moreover, even in the case where the force of infection in the endemic equilibrium is not equal to the removal rate, we show that if the distance between them is sufficiently small, then a similar Hopf bifurcation can occur. By numerical simulation, we confirm a special case where the stability switch of the endemic equilibrium occurs more than once
A systematic procedure for incorporating separable static heterogeneity into compartmental epidemic models
In this paper, we show how to modify a compartmental epidemic model, without changing the dimension, such that separable static heterogeneity is taken into account. The derivation is based on the Kermack-McKendrick renewal equation
感染症の制御による癌リスク減少の評価手法
要旨ありがん統計データおよびその解析研究ノー
Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy Prior to Standard Systemic Chemotherapy in Patients with Highly Advanced Unresectable Liver Metastases from Colorectal Cancer: A Report of Three Patients
We administered hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) prior to FOLFOX to three patients with unresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer. The patients' disease state was found to be highly advanced based on both computed tomography findings and liver function tests. The treatment strategy included an initial administration of HAIC to control liver metastases and improve liver function in order to facilitate the subsequent safe administration of FOLFOX without drug loss. As the HAIC regimen, 1,000mg/m2 of 5-FU was administered weekly by continuous 5-h infusion after performing laboratory investigations through an implanted port-catheter system. After 3 HAIC cycles administered over 3 consecutive weeks, the mean alkaline phosphatase levels decreased from 969.3IU/l to 422IU/l due to shrinkage of the liver metastases. Thereafter, FOLFOX without drug loss could be safely initiated for all patients. Two patients succumbed 488 and 333 days after HAIC was initiated;the third patient is still alive and has been followed-up for 1215 days. The combined use of HAIC and standard systemic chemotherapy could be a feasible and efficacious treatment in highly advanced cases of liver dysfunction
The effect of host population heterogeneity on epidemic outbreaks
In the first part of this paper, we review old and new results about the influence of host population heterogeneity on (various characteristics of) epidemic outbreaks. In the second part we highlight a modelling issue that so far has received little attention: how do contact patterns, and hence transmission opportunities, depend on the size and the composition of the host population? Without any claim on completeness, we offer a range of potential (quasi-mechanistic) submodels. The overall aim of the paper is to describe the state-of-the-art and to catalyse new work
Open Access
Cost-effective length and timing of school closure during an influenza pandemic depend on the severit
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