Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Mechanisms underlying extensive Ser129-phosphorylation in α-synuclein aggregates

Effects of Ca2+ on Ser129-phosphorylation of α-syn in rat primary cortical neurons. Cell lysates (10 μg/lane) were loaded on SDS-PAGE and analyzed by western botting with EP1536Y, Syn-1, or anti-β-actin (AC-15) antibody. a Effect of A23187 concentrations on Ser129-phosphorylation. Primary cortical neurons were treated with A23187 at the indicated concentrations for 8 h. b, c Effect of extracellular Ca2+ chelator EGTA (b) or intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM (B-AM) (c) on A23187-induced Ser129-phosphorylation. Cells were incubated in media containing 0.25 μM A23187 with the indicated concentrations of EGTA or BAPTA-AM for 8 h. d Effect of CaM inhibitor W-7 on A23187-induced Ser129-phosphorylation. Cells were incubated in media containing 0.25 μM A23187 with the indicated concentrations of W-7 for 8 h. Representative blots are shown. Relative band intensities of Ser129-phosphorylated α-syn and total α-syn were normalized to those of β-actin. Graphs show relative ratios to vehicle control cells. Data represent means ± SD and P values were estimated by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction or Welch-ANOVA with Games-Howell post hoc test for unequal-variances (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01). (TIFF 2872 kb

Mechanical-Stimulation-Triggered and Solvent-Vapor-Induced Reverse Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Phase Transitions with Alterations of the Luminescence Color

Luminescence alterations in solid-state materials upon external stimulations have attracted much attention due to their potential for the development of highly functional devices or sensors. We have previously reported the first examples of mechano-induced single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) phase transitions of gold­(I) isocyanide complexes under concomitant emission-color changes. However, the reverse phase transitions of the crystals obtained after mechanical stimulation have not yet been achieved. Herein, a reversible change of the luminescence based on two SCSC phase transitions via mechanical cutting and solvent-vapor adsorption is described. Crystallization of a gold­(I) complex that bears CF₃ and biaryl moieties from CH₂Cl₂/MeOH afforded a green-emitting single crystal packed in a polar space group (<i>Pna</i>2₁). The green-emitting single crystals included MeOH molecules. Upon cutting the crystal under MeOH vapor at 22 °C, the green-emitting single crystal spontaneously changed into a centrosymmetric orange-emitting single crystal (<i>P</i>1̅) under concomitant release of MeOH. Remarkably, the initial green-emitting crystal could be recovered from the orange-emitting crystal by a solvent-induced SCSC transition under saturated MeOH vapor. The combination of two different types of SCSC phase transitions enables the reversible structural and photoluminescent alternations

Crystal Structures and Triboluminescence Based on Trifluoromethyl and Pentafluorosulfanyl Substituted Asymmetric <i>N</i>-Phenyl Imide Compounds

A series of asymmetric <i>N</i>-phenyl imides with trifluoromethyl and pentafluorosulfanyl substituents at the terminal phenyl position have been prepared. They are colorless both in solution and the solid state, and they show blue emission in the solid state. X-ray crystal structure analysis of trifluoromethyl and pentafluorosulfanyl substituted derivatives revealed highly ordered noncentrosymmetric molecular arrangements with large net-dipole moments related to the piezoelectric behavior. XRD measurements of the powders afforded intense sharp reflection peaks, indicating formation of the lamellar ordering. By grinding with a spatula, their solids showed vivid blue triboluminescence

Mechanical-Stimulation-Triggered and Solvent-Vapor-Induced Reverse Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Phase Transitions with Alterations of the Luminescence Color

Luminescence alterations in solid-state materials upon external stimulations have attracted much attention due to their potential for the development of highly functional devices or sensors. We have previously reported the first examples of mechano-induced single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) phase transitions of gold­(I) isocyanide complexes under concomitant emission-color changes. However, the reverse phase transitions of the crystals obtained after mechanical stimulation have not yet been achieved. Herein, a reversible change of the luminescence based on two SCSC phase transitions via mechanical cutting and solvent-vapor adsorption is described. Crystallization of a gold­(I) complex that bears CF₃ and biaryl moieties from CH₂Cl₂/MeOH afforded a green-emitting single crystal packed in a polar space group (<i>Pna</i>2₁). The green-emitting single crystals included MeOH molecules. Upon cutting the crystal under MeOH vapor at 22 °C, the green-emitting single crystal spontaneously changed into a centrosymmetric orange-emitting single crystal (<i>P</i>1̅) under concomitant release of MeOH. Remarkably, the initial green-emitting crystal could be recovered from the orange-emitting crystal by a solvent-induced SCSC transition under saturated MeOH vapor. The combination of two different types of SCSC phase transitions enables the reversible structural and photoluminescent alternations

Crystal Structures and Triboluminescence Based on Trifluoromethyl and Pentafluorosulfanyl Substituted Asymmetric <i>N</i>-Phenyl Imide Compounds

A series of asymmetric <i>N</i>-phenyl imides with trifluoromethyl and pentafluorosulfanyl substituents at the terminal phenyl position have been prepared. They are colorless both in solution and the solid state, and they show blue emission in the solid state. X-ray crystal structure analysis of trifluoromethyl and pentafluorosulfanyl substituted derivatives revealed highly ordered noncentrosymmetric molecular arrangements with large net-dipole moments related to the piezoelectric behavior. XRD measurements of the powders afforded intense sharp reflection peaks, indicating formation of the lamellar ordering. By grinding with a spatula, their solids showed vivid blue triboluminescence

Gated Photochromic System of Diarylethene with a Photon-Working Key

Upon visible light irradiation, a thermally reversible photochromic acid generator merocyanine dye gives a proton to the dimethylamino group of a non-photochromic diarylethene in acetonitrile. The protonation rendered the non-photochromic diarylethene photochromic. Thus, the thermally irreversible photochromic nature of the diarylethene is activated without any physical contact or addition of any compound but only by photoirradiation to the merocyanine dye

Multilayered Inclusion Nanocycles of Anionic Spiroborates

Multilayered spiroborate nanocycles were prepared from tris- or tetrakis­(dihydroxynaphthalene) and tetrahydroxyanthraquinone as pillar and crossbar units via the reversible formation of a spiroborate linkage. The four-layered spiroborate nanocycle recognized two cationic aromatic guests simultaneously and exhibited the ability to form a supramolecular one-dimensional array by combining with methyl viologen dimer as the ditopic guest

Formation of Photoconductive Nanowires of Tetracene Derivative in Composite Thin Film

Nanowires of tetracene dicarboxylic imide disulfide with an <i>N</i>-hexyl substituent (HexylTIDS) were successfully constructed in composite thin film containing poly­(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). The nanowire structures were investigated by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The photoconductivity of the composite films was evaluated by time-resolved microwave conductivity measurements, revealing that the film containing a 1:1 w/w ratio of HexylTIDS and P3HT exhibited the highest photoconductivity (2.1 × 10^–7 m²/(V s)). The intermolecular interactions of HexylTIDS molecules were important in nanowire formation. These results suggest a one-step method for fabricating small-molecule-based nanowires in composite films from a blended solution. This type of composite film, and its fabrication method, will be useful for developing organic thin-film photoelectronic devices

Formation of Photoconductive Nanowires of Tetracene Derivative in Composite Thin Film

Nanowires of tetracene dicarboxylic imide disulfide with an <i>N</i>-hexyl substituent (HexylTIDS) were successfully constructed in composite thin film containing poly­(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). The nanowire structures were investigated by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The photoconductivity of the composite films was evaluated by time-resolved microwave conductivity measurements, revealing that the film containing a 1:1 w/w ratio of HexylTIDS and P3HT exhibited the highest photoconductivity (2.1 × 10^–7 m²/(V s)). The intermolecular interactions of HexylTIDS molecules were important in nanowire formation. These results suggest a one-step method for fabricating small-molecule-based nanowires in composite films from a blended solution. This type of composite film, and its fabrication method, will be useful for developing organic thin-film photoelectronic devices

Semiquantification of the optical densities of striatal dopamine nerve terminals in rats treated with vehicle or ZNS.

<p>Rats were unilaterally injected with rAAV-A53T α-synuclein (<b>A</b>, <b>C</b>) or rAAV-GFP (<b>B</b>, <b>D</b>). The sections were immunostained with antibody for TH (<b>A</b>, <b>B</b>) or DAT (<b>C</b>, <b>D</b>). In rats injected with rAAV-A53T α-synuclein (<b>A</b>, <b>C</b>), photomicrographs show representative immunostainings of the injected and uninjected sides of the substantia nigra at 2 weeks after injection (left panels), and those of the injected sides at 4 weeks (middle panels) and 8 weeks (right panels) after injection. In rats injected with rAAV-GFP (<b>B</b>, <b>D</b>), photomicrographs show representative immunostainings of the injected and uninjected sides of the substantia nigra at 4 weeks (left panels) and 8 weeks (right panels) after injection. Scale bars, 1.0 mm. (<b>A–D</b>) Graphs show semiquantitative analysis of striatal TH or DAT-positive fibers. As compared with the vehicle group, ZNS significantly suppressed loss of striatal TH-positive fibers at 4 weeks (<i>P</i><0.001) and 8 weeks (<i>P</i> = 0.004) after rAAV-A53T α-synuclein injection. Decreased densities of DAT-positive fibers were significantly suppressed in the ZNS group at 4 weeks (<i>P</i><0.001) and 8 weeks (<i>P</i><0.001) after viral injection. The open bars illustrate the vehicle group and the black bars illustrate the ZNS group. Data represent the mean ± SD and <i>P</i>-values were estimated by two-way ANOVA, followed by a Bonferroni’s <i>post hoc</i> test (*<i>P</i><0.05).</p