Embodied energy and carbon assessment of existing affordable apartments in Indonesia

The Indonesian government is making a tremendous effort in the provision of affordable public apartments (Rusunawa) across the country. Rusunawa buildings were designed and built considering urban planning, environmental impact, architecture, strength, safety, health, comfort, and accessibility requirements. However, in terms of climate change mitigation, there is little analysis of the building type’s embodied energy and carbon emissions. In this study, we investigated the Rusunawa buildings built by the central government, local government, and state-owned housing company considering the typical layout of the existing Rusunawa to identify the building’s embodied energy and carbon emissions using the cradle to end of use boundary. Rusunawa documents were collected and selected based on the required bill of quantity and drawings to quantify the building materials. The impacts of typical building materials on the embodied energy and carbon emissions of the roof, exterior wall, and partition wall were identified. The results showed that the building’s structural systems influenced the resultant embodied energy and carbon footprints the most, followed by walls, roof, painting, ceiling, doors and windows, and flooring. Among these structural systems, the precast concrete had a lower impact than the conventional reinforced concrete on these footprints. Overall, the Rusunawa buildings had an average embodied energy of 3950 to 8766 MJ/m2 and an average embodied carbon emissions of 328 to 871 kgCO2/m2. In particular, Rusunawa clusters, 1BR2 and 2BR1 had the smallest embodied energy and carbon emissions for the one- and two-bedroom apartment types. A high-rise Rusunawa had the smallest embodied energy and carbon emissions per floor area compared to those of low- and mid-rise. Several embodied energy and carbon values were proposed to be the baselines for the future lower-carbon Rusunawa design. These results could be adopted and developed for the central government’s regulations and guidelines to determine the current energy intensity and carbon emission of the existing Rusunawa and also to verify the future Rusunawa design

Preferences in living environment assessment and their association with energy consumption in Indonesia

This study aims to determine the urban resident’s preferences and evaluation structure towards living environment in Indonesia using the Evaluation Grid Method (EGM) and analyse their associations with household energy consumption. The EGM clarifies a respondent’s evaluation structure using a hierarchical diagram. A nationwide survey (n=1355) was conducted in several Indonesian cities. Data on gas and electricity consumption were also investigated as energy consumption data. We analyzed the preferences and evaluation structure across several groups with various household energy consumptions at different scales, including behavior, interior, building and neighbourhood. The results revealed that there were several differences in preferences and sense of values among households with various levels of energy consumption. The households with high-energy consumption favoured “socialization with family, and “living in clean environment,” amongst others. For their preference in building scale, some of respondent tend to not live in an apartment. Meanwhile, those with low- and medium-energy consumption preferred similar types of buildings. Despite this, the households with medium-energy consumption ranked “building quality” and “eco-friendly environment” as their priorities

Effect of Housing Renovation on Environmental Load Reduction

Although the population of Japan is going to decrease, the energy consumption of the residential sector is assumed to increase. On the other hand, new construction will decrease gradually, and the ratio of the existing houses in housing market will grow up. Therefore it would be very important to reduce the energy consumption of the existing houses. This study estimates household CO2 emission between 2005 and 2050 in Fukuoka. This paper aims to clarify reduction effect of environmental load by administrating each measures. The results of our analysis are as follows. 1)Effects of measures to existing houses are 0.8-2.5% larger than to newly built houses. 2)Housing policies can contribute to reduce CO2 emission by extending the lifetime of houses and promoting multifamily housing

Feasibility Study on Using Combined Heat and Power Energy Systems for Various Buildings in Japan

This paper examined the energy consumption characteristics in six different buildings including apartments, offices, commercial buildings, hospitals, hotels and education facilities. Then 5-hectare(50,000m^2) development site for respective building\u27s type was assumed as case study to evaluate the viability of Combined Heat and Power(CHP) energy systems. A CHP system was selected according to their characteristics for each type building. And HEATMAP, a district energy system analysis software, was used to evaluate each system\u27s energy saving, environmental effect and economic efficiency. The results can be summarized as follows: in hotels and hospitals at the proposed site, the CHP system is an attractive option in Japan. In others buildings, especially commerce buildings and offices, the introduction of CHP system is unreasonable

Development of a Simulator for Prediction of Urban Environmental Loads : Parameter Identification Method in Multiplier and Verification of Model

We made a long-term prediction simulator of CO_2 emissions from 1975 to 2050 for Fukuoka City with system dynamics. In this simulator, CO_2 emissions are calculated by multiplying CO_2 emission units with amounts of activities. In our past research, it took many hours to make the model because we manually adjust multiplying functions of the model. Therefore we develop a program to adjust every multiplying function of the model for reducing the simulator making hours. Moreover, we compared actual values and calculated values of the simulator by using multiplying functions that were identified by the program, and did accuracy verification of the program

既存住宅ストックの活用による環境負荷削減効果に関する研究

Although the population of Japan is going to decrease, the energy consumption of the residential sector is assumed to increase. On the other hand, new construction will decrease gradually, and the ratio of the existing houses in housing market will grow up. Therefore it would be very important to reduce the energy consumption of the existing houses. This study estimates household CO2 emission between 2005 and 2050 in Fukuoka. This paper aims to clarify reduction effect of environmental load by administrating each measures. The results of our analysis are as follows. 1)Effects of measures to existing houses are 0.8-2.5% larger than to newly built houses. 2)Housing policies can contribute to reduce CO2 emission by extending the lifetime of houses and promoting multifamily housing