Fabrication and Characterization of a K⁺‑Selective Nanoelectrode and Simultaneous Imaging of Topography and Local K⁺ Flux Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

A nanopipette containing a solution of bis­(benzo-15-crown-5) dissolved in 1,6-dichlorohexane was used as an ion-selective electrode (ISE) to probe K⁺ for shear force-based constant-distance scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). In a previous study, the ISE responded only at low K⁺ concentrations ([K⁺] < 1 mM), due to the depletion of the bis­(benzo-15-crown-5) at the oil/water interface at high K⁺ concentrations and the unstable response of the tip at the oil/water interface for shear force and current detection. In the present study, a nanopipette reshaped by heating and with the hydrophobic layer removed was used as the ISE. This modified ISE enabled a rapid response to changes in K⁺ flux at a physiological concentration of K⁺ and allowed SECM imaging on a nanometer scale. The fabricated nano-ISE was used as a probe for shear force-based SECM. Topography and K⁺ flux images were obtained simultaneously at a polycarbonate membrane filter with 5 μm pores and human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293). Several areas containing a K⁺ flux larger than the surrounding areas were found in the SECM images of the HEK293 cells, which indicated the existence of K⁺ channels

Surface Potential Studies on Adsorption Processes of Clay Nanosheets onto a Floating Molecular Film of an Amphiphilic Alkylammonium Cation

A floating molecular film was formed when a chloroform solution of dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DMDOA⁺Br^–) was spread on an aqueous dispersion of a clay mineral (sodium montmorillonite). At a low concentration (<50 ppm: ppm = mg dm^–3), a clay mineral was exfoliated into negatively charged layers (denoted by clay nanosheets). Clay nanosheets in a dispersion were adsorbed onto a floating film because of electrostatic interactions. At various clay concentrations (0–50 ppm), surface potential was measured as a function of time to obtain the quantitative information about the adsorption of clay nanosheets on a condensed floating film of DMDOA⁺ ions. It was concluded that the adsorption equilibrium obeyed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, which was supported by the atomic force microscopy (AFM) observation. The rate constants of adsorption and desorption processes were determined by the fitting analyses based on the Langmuir type kinetics. Interestingly, the delay of the adsorption was observed in the early stage indicating that clay nanosheets were removed from the surface region through the repulsion by a counteranion (Br^–). This explanation was supported by the model simulation using the forward difference method

Association Rules for the Adverse Drug Reactions Reported for SSRI, SNRI, and NaSSA.

<p>Association Rules for the Adverse Drug Reactions Reported for SSRI, SNRI, and NaSSA.</p

MOESM3 of Exponential distribution of total depressive symptom scores in relation to exponential latent trait and item threshold distributions: a simulation study

Additional file 3. Raw data for all figures

L'Auto-vélo : automobilisme, cyclisme, athlétisme, yachting, aérostation, escrime, hippisme / dir. Henri Desgranges

03 février 19431943/02/03 (A44,N15339)

Relationship between response latency and amplitude of the DR- and SR-evoked potentials.

<p>(A) Plots of the DR-evoked potentials against latency and amplitude. The 57 responses observed from 179 recording sites in monkey SO are shown. (B) Same as A, but for monkey TA. The 50 responses of 168 recording sites are shown. (C, D) Same as (A, B), but for the SR-evoked potentials. The 163 responses observed from 179 recording sites in monkey SO (C) and 87 responses observed from 168 recording sites in monkey TA (D) are shown.</p

Examples of DR- and SR-evoked potential distribution in area 3a.

<p>(A) Amplitude plots of the DR-evoked potentials at the anterior-posterior 10-mm level in monkey SO where the largest DR-evoked potential was observed in this animal. The circle size indicates the amplitude. A bar indicates no significant activation. (B) Latency plots of the DR-evoked potential indicated by colors. (C, D) same as (A, B), but for the SR-evoked potentials. (E–H) Same as A-D but for monkey TA. The data in A11 were from where the largest DR-evoked potential was observed in this monkey. The scale bar indicates 5 mm, separated by black and gray every 1 mm.</p

Characteristics of the SR-evoked potentials in area 3a.

<p>(A) Percent responses evoked by DR and SR stimulations in area 3a. (B) Percent responses evoked by DR and SR stimulations in area 3b/1. (C) Amplitude of the DR- and SR-evoked potentials in area 3a. (D) Latency of the DR- and SR-evoked potentials in area 3a. Error bars in A–D indicated S.E. Asterisk in A–D indicates statistical significance at <i>P</i> < 0.05 using two-sample <i>t</i>-test.</p

Schematic drawing of experimental setting and surface map of the recording sites.

<p>(A) Stimulation of deep radial (DR) and superficial radial (SR) nerves. Three nerve cuffs were implanted: one on the radial nerve trunk (R) at the left forearm, one on the DR, representing primarily muscle afferent input, and one on the SR, representing primarily input from the skin. The DR and SR cuffs were used for electrical stimulation, and the R cuff was used for recording incoming volleys. The nerves were stimulated with biphasic constant-current pulses, 100 μs/phase, at twice the threshold (2T). The electrical stimulation-evoked field potential was recorded from the forearm region at the posterior bank of the CS of the right hemisphere. (B) Cortical surface map of the recording sites in each monkey. The electrode was inserted 8–15 mm at the anterior–posterior level. Gray lines indicate the approximate location of the CS on the cortical surface. Recording sites of the SR- or DR-evoked potentials are indicated by filled circles. Open circles indicate electrode insertions in which intracortical microstimulations were applied and no SEPs were recorded. Body parts activated at the lowest current of the microstimulation are indicated by capital letters. Values indicate the lowest microstimulation current (μA) evoking the movement. “n” indicates no effect up to 200 μA. A: anterior, P: posterior, M: medial, L: lateral.</p