The Effect of Activities for Effective Processing in an Adventure Education Program on Participants\u27 Personal Development

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of preplanned activities for effective processing, such as framing, debriefing, and transferring, on participant\u27s depth of reflection and personal development. Adventure education programs based on experiential learning methods had spread slowly in Japanese outdoor education. However, recent research concluded that adventure programs without constructed activities for processing affected personal growth and development. Sugerman (2000) describes that some participants are able to reflect spontaneously to understand the meaning of. the experience. Other participants are not able to reflect spontaneously about the experience and are unable to extract meaning from the experience. Activities for effective processing support participants in organizing the meaning of their experience and becoming aware of new ideas from other members. Therefore, activities for effective processing are not essential in adventure education, but they promote more effects of adventure education

Distinct Neuronal Lineages of the Ascidian Embryo Revealed by Expression of a Sodium Channel Gene

AbstractThe ascidian larva contains tubular neural tissue, one of the prominent anatomical features of the chordates. The cell-cleavage pattern and cell maps of the nervous system have been described in the ascidian larva in great detail. Cell types in the neural tube, however, have not yet been defined due to the lack of a suitable molecular marker. In the present work, we identified neuronal cells in the caudal neural tube of theHalocynthiaembryo by utilizing a voltage-gated Na+channel gene, TuNa I, as a molecular marker. Microinjection of a lineage tracer revealed that TuNa I-positive neurons in the brain and in the trunk epidermis are derived from the a-line of the eight-cell embryo, which includes cell fates to epidermal and neural tissue. On the other hand, TuNa I-positive cells in the more caudal part of the neural tissue were not stained by microinjection into the a-line. These neurons are derived from the A-line, which contains fates of notochord and muscle, but not of epidermis. Electron microscopic observation confirmed that A-line-derived neurons consist of motor neurons innervating the dorsal and ventral muscle cells. Isolated A-line blastomeres have active membrane excitability distinct from those of the a-line-derived neuronal cells after culture under cleavage arrest, suggesting that the A-line gives rise to a neuronal cell distinct from that of the a-lineage. TuNa I expression in the a-line requires signals from another cell lineage, whereas that in the A-line occurs without tight cell contact. Thus, there are at least two distinct neuronal lineages with distinct cellular behaviors in the ascidian larva: the a-line gives rise to numerous neuronal cells, including sensory cells, controlled by a mechanism similar to vertebrate neural induction, whereas A-line cells give rise to motor neurons and ependymal cells in the caudal neural tube that develop in close association with the notochord or muscle lineage, but not with the epidermal lineage

Electron Spin Resonance Study on Irradiated Styrene in Crystalline and Glassy States

Styrene was irradiated at-196°C to give a five-line spectrum with a coupling constant of about 16 gauss. This is attributed to the free radical When a mixture of styrene and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran was irradiated, a broad singlet spectrum (total width 33 gauss) was superposed on the seven-line spectrum due to the methyltetrahydrofuran radical and no sharp singlet spectrum due to trapped electrons was observed. This broad singlet spectrum is thought to be due to styrene anion radicals. This spectrum was bleached by visible light and saturated appreciably with increasing microwave power. Similar phenomena were observed for a styrene-3-methylpentane mixture

Accurate and molecular-size-tolerant NMR quantitation of diverse components in solution.

木質バイオマス中の各成分の物質量を正確に決定する手法の開発に成功 --木質バイオマスからの効率的なバイオエネルギー・製品原料の獲得にはずみ--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2016-02-18.Determining the amount of each component of interest in a mixture is a fundamental first step in characterizing the nature of the solution and to develop possible means of utilization of its components. Similarly, determining the composition of units in complex polymers, or polymer mixtures, is crucial. Although NMR is recognized as one of the most powerful methods to achieve this and is widely used in many fields, variation in the molecular sizes or the relative mobilities of components skews quantitation due to the size-dependent decay of magnetization. Here, a method to accurately determine the amount of each component by NMR was developed. This method was validated using a solution that contains biomass-related components in which the molecular sizes greatly differ. The method is also tolerant of other factors that skew quantitation such as variation in the one-bond C-H coupling constant. The developed method is the first and only way to reliably overcome the skewed quantitation caused by several different factors to provide basic information on the correct amount of each component in a solution