Distribution of Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol in Milling Fractions from Fusarium-Infected Japanese Wheat Cultivars

Reprinted with permission from the Journal of Food Protection. Copyright held by the International Association for Food Protection, Des Moines, Iowa, U.S.A.The fate of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and nivalenol during the milling of Japanese wheat cultivars artificially infected with Fusarium was investigated. Grain samples with different mycotoxin concentrations were milled using a laboratory-scale test mill to produce eight fractions: three breaking flours (1B, 2B, and 3B), three reduction flours (1M. 2M, and 3M), wheat bran, and wheat shorts. Patent flour for human consumption was made from the I B, 2B, I M. and 2M flours, and low-grade flour was made from 3B and 3M flours. The four resulting samples (patent flour, low-grade flour, bran, and shorts) were analyzed for deoxynivalenol and/or nivalenol with an in-house validated analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV absorbance detection. In samples with different mycotoxin concentrations, the distribution of those toxins differed among the milling fractions. Grains with a lower level of contamination produced bran and shorts samples with a high relative concentration of nivalenol. A high percentage of nivalenol was found in patent flour, followed by bran. Contrary to the less-contaminated sample, the concentration of nivalenol in moderately contaminated grain was high only in the shorts sample. The highest percentage of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol was observed in the patent flour. The results of this study indicate that the distribution of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in milled Japanese wheat could be influenced by the contamination level of the original grain, and the milling process is not always effective for removal of toxins from wheat grains.ArticleJOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION. 73(10):1817-1823 (2010)journal articl

Distribution of Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol in Milling Fractions from Fusarium-Infected Japanese Wheat Cultivars

Reprinted with permission from the Journal of Food Protection. Copyright held by the International Association for Food Protection, Des Moines, Iowa, U.S.A.The fate of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and nivalenol during the milling of Japanese wheat cultivars artificially infected with Fusarium was investigated. Grain samples with different mycotoxin concentrations were milled using a laboratory-scale test mill to produce eight fractions: three breaking flours (1B, 2B, and 3B), three reduction flours (1M. 2M, and 3M), wheat bran, and wheat shorts. Patent flour for human consumption was made from the I B, 2B, I M. and 2M flours, and low-grade flour was made from 3B and 3M flours. The four resulting samples (patent flour, low-grade flour, bran, and shorts) were analyzed for deoxynivalenol and/or nivalenol with an in-house validated analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV absorbance detection. In samples with different mycotoxin concentrations, the distribution of those toxins differed among the milling fractions. Grains with a lower level of contamination produced bran and shorts samples with a high relative concentration of nivalenol. A high percentage of nivalenol was found in patent flour, followed by bran. Contrary to the less-contaminated sample, the concentration of nivalenol in moderately contaminated grain was high only in the shorts sample. The highest percentage of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol was observed in the patent flour. The results of this study indicate that the distribution of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in milled Japanese wheat could be influenced by the contamination level of the original grain, and the milling process is not always effective for removal of toxins from wheat grains.ArticleJOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION. 73(10):1817-1823 (2010)journal articl

Liver Parenchyma Perforation following Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography

Although endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an effective modality for the diagnosis and treatment of biliary and pancreatic diseases, it is still related with several severe complications. We report on the case of a female patient who developed liver parenchyma perforation following ERCP. She underwent ERCP with sphincterotomy and extraction of a common bile duct stone. Shortly after ERCP, abdominal distension was identified. Abdominal computed tomography revealed intraabdominal air leakage and leakage of contrast dye penetrating the liver parenchyma into the space around the spleen. Since periampullary perforation related to sphincterotomy could not be denied, she was referred for immediate surgery. Obvious perforation could not be found at surgery. Cholecystectomy, insertion of a T tube into the common bile duct, placement of a duodenostomy tube and drainage of the retroperitoneum were performed. She did well postoperatively and was discharged home on postoperative day 28. In conclusion, as it is well recognized that perforation is one of the most serious complication related to ERCP, liver parenchyma perforation should be suspected as a cause

Application of Visible/Near-Infrared Transmittance Spectroscopy for the Improvement of Amylose Determination Accuracy

The performance of partial least squares (PLS) calibration models developed using NIR and visible transmittance were examined in order to improve the accuracy of the calibration model for amylose content. The regression coefficients in the PLS calibration model developed by a full-cross validation using the wavelength region from 570 to 1000 nm (Model B) were smoother and the fluctuations of the coefficients were smaller than the model developed by a full-cross validation using the wavelength region from 850 to 1048 nm (Model A). Significant peaks in the regression coefficients of Model A were characterized by two absorption bands at 928 and 990 nm, and those of Model B were characterized by four absorption bands at 607, 760, 928 and 990 nm. The samples were separated into calibration sets and validation sets, and PLS calibration and validation were also performed. The statistics performance (standard error of performance (SEP), a coefficient of determination (R2)) of the model developed using the wavelength region from 570 to 1000 nm (Model D), was better than those of the model developed using the wavelength region from 850 to 1048 nm (Model C). The SEP of 0.64% on model D examined here was smaller than that of 0.99% on Model C. Therefore, the absorption bands at 607 and 760 nm play an important function in improving the performance of the PLS calibration model

Determination of Maximum Viscosity of Milled Rice Flours Using Near-Infrared Transmittance Spectroscopy

The objective of this study was to develop a partial least squares regression (PLS) calibration method of maximum viscosity determination of Japanese milled rice flours using near-infrared transmittance (NIT) spectroscopy. The diversity of spectra and maximum viscosity of wide ranging of rice subfamilies were much more than those of japonica type rices. The variations of spectra and maximum viscosity were found to influence PLS loading weights. C-H and O-H in ROH and H2O absorbances presented by the loading weights were significant in the 8th loading of the PLS model for japonica type rices. The performance of this PLS calibration model (11 components) for maximum viscosity of a rapid visco analyser (RVA) was the standard error of prediction (SEP) of 17.7, square of regression coefficient (R2) of 0.75 and the ratio of the SEP to the standard deviation of the original data (RPD) of 1.9. This method can be applied to the determination of maximum viscosity of japonica type rices

Processing Conditions, Rice Properties, Health and Environment

Rice is the staple food for nearly two-thirds of the world’s population. Food components and environmental load of rice depends on the rice form that is resulted by different processing conditions. Brown rice (BR), germinated brown rice (GBR) and partially-milled rice (PMR) contains more health beneficial food components compared to the well milled rice (WMR). Although the arsenic concentration in cooked rice depends on the cooking methods, parboiled rice (PBR) seems to be relatively prone to arsenic contamination compared to that of untreated rice, if contaminated water is used for parboiling and cooking. A change in consumption patterns from PBR to untreated rice (non-parboiled), and WMR to PMR or BR may conserve about 43–54 million tons of rice and reduce the risk from arsenic contamination in the arsenic prone area. This study also reveals that a change in rice consumption patterns not only supply more food components but also reduces environmental loads. A switch in production and consumption patterns would improve food security where food grains are scarce, and provide more health beneficial food components, may prevent some diseases and ease the burden on the Earth. However, motivation and awareness of the environment and health, and even a nominal incentive may require for a method switching which may help in building a sustainable society