Mesoscopic Structural Observations of Cores from the Chelungpu Fault System, Taiwan Chelungpu-Fault Drilling Project Hole-A, Taiwan

Structural characteristics of fault rocks distributed within major fault zones provide basic information in understanding the physical aspects of faulting. Mesoscopic structural observations of the drilledcores from Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project Hole-A are reported in this article to describe and reveal the distribution of fault rocks within the Chelungpu Fault System

Cellular analysis of cleavage-stage chick embryos reveals hidden conservation in vertebrate early development

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.Birds and mammals, phylogenetically close amniotes with similar post-gastrula development, exhibit little conservation in their post-fertilization cleavage patterns. Data from the mouse suggest that cellular morphogenesis and molecular signaling at the cleavage stage play important roles in lineage specification at later (blastula and gastrula) stages. Very little is known, however, about cleavage-stage chick embryos, owing to their poor accessibility. This period of chick development takes place before egg-laying and encompasses several fundamental processes of avian embryology, including zygotic gene activation (ZGA) and blastoderm cell-layer increase. We have carried out morphological and cellular analyses of cleavage-stage chick embryos covering the first half of pre-ovipositional development, from Eyal-Giladi and Kochav stage (EGK-) I to EGK-V. Scanning electron microscopy revealed remarkable subcellular details of blastomere cellularization and subgerminal cavity formation. Phosphorylated RNA polymerase II immunostaining showed that ZGA in the chick starts at early EGK-III during the 7th to 8th nuclear division cycle, comparable with the time reported for other yolk-rich vertebrates (e.g. zebrafish and Xenopus). The increase in the number of cell layers after EGK-III is not a direct consequence of oriented cell division. Finally, we present evidence that, as in the zebrafish embryo, a yolk syncytial layer is formed in the avian embryo after EGK-V. Our data suggest that several fundamental features of cleavage-stage development in birds resemble those in yolk-rich anamniote species, revealing conservation in vertebrate early development. Whether this conservation lends morphogenetic support to the anamniote-to-amniote transition in evolution or reflects developmental plasticity in convergent evolution awaits further investigation

Why Consumers Commit Voluntarily to Collaborative Innovation with Firms by Using Social Media?: Case of Japanese consumers

It is necessary to grasp and utilize consumer's needs for firms to improve existing products and developing new products. Especially, collaboration with consumers for product innovation is indispensable. On the other hand, social media has been spreading all over the world. Network communities formed by social media are one of key factors of innovation achieved by collaborating with consumer innovators, which is referred to as consumer collaborative innovation. This paper studies how Japanese firms achieve consumer collaborative innovation based on authors' questionnaire survey data in Japan. In particular, the types of users and the strength of ties between firms and consumers and types of consumer innovators are focused on. In addition, consumers' motivation of collaboration such as the intrinsic and extrinsic motivations of lead users and collaborative innovators are elucidated. This paper finds the role of lead users and pecuniary rewards which are more important than other motivations. Based on results obtained, some measures to promote consumer collaborative innovation in Japan are proposed

Underfloor Heating Using Room Air Conditioners with Air Source Heat Pump in a Foundation Insulation House

A good thermal environment is important in a place where occupants stay for a long time. Since heating a house consumes a lot of energy, an energy-efficient heating method will be required. Then, by combining a heat pump and underfloor heating, there is a possibility that both thermal comfort and energy saving can be achieved. The survey was conducted on a detached house located in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. The average outside air temperature was 4.2 °C. This study investigated the indoor thermal environment, evaluated the operating performance of the heat pump, and calculated the heat load by two-dimensional analysis. More than 80% of the subjects were satisfied with the thermal environment and the neutral temperature was 18.9 °C. In the operation of the heat pump, defrost operation was confirmed, but the average COP was 2.9, and it operated efficiently. In addition, the heat loss from the foundation slab was examined. Proper insulation placement has shown the potential to reduce heat loss. In conclusion, the use of heat pumps as a heat source has been shown to be efficient even in cold climates, and this study supports the construction of new heating methods

Growth of the brittle star Ophiura sarsii sarsii in Funka Bay, Hokkaido, Japan

The brittle star Ophiura sarsii with a disc diameter (DD) of less than 9 mm is an important prey item for flathead flounder Hippoglossoides dubius in Funka Bay. To establish an age-determination technique and estimate the growth equation for Ophiura sarsii sarsii (a dominant sub-species of O. sarsii in Funka Bay), we observed ridges on the surface of the arm ossicles. Specimens were collected using a sledge net, their DD measured, and the first arm ossicles examined from scanning electron microscopy images. Because the outermost ridges were formed from November to March, ridges were identified as yearly rings (annuli). The maximum age was 16.83 years (16.46-mm DD), and the largest sized individual was 22.19-mm DD (13.75 years). The best growth equation between DD and age (t) was given by Richard’s model using a minimum Akaike’s information criterion and growth rate comparison: DDt= 24.02 × {1 − 1.70 × exp[− 0.067 × (t + 8.25)]}^−1/(−1.70). Small-sized (< 9-mm DD) and large-sized (ca. 15-mm DD) cohorts were composed of multi-year classes, and estimated growth rates from cohort progressions were 2.25 mm/year and 0.98 mm/year, respectively. We presumed that the large-sized cohort could be explained by a high survival rate and slow growth rate after the age of 5 or 6 years