Bioactive Sesquiterpene Aryl Esters from the Culture Broth of <i>Armillaria</i> sp.

Two new compounds, 10-dehydroxymelleolide D (<b>1</b>) and 13-hydroxymelleolide K (<b>2</b>), along with seven known compounds, 5′-<i>O</i>-methylmelledonal (<b>3</b>), melleolide D (<b>4</b>), 13-hydroxydihydromelleolide (<b>5</b>), melleolide (<b>6</b>), armillarinin (<b>7</b>), armillaridin (<b>8</b>), and armillarikin (<b>9</b>), were isolated from the culture broth of <i>Armillaria</i> sp. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic data analysis. All the compounds inhibited plant growth of lettuce. Melleolide (<b>6</b>) and armillarikin (<b>9</b>) inhibited mycelial growth of <i>Coprinopsis cinerea</i> and/or <i>Flammulina velutipes</i>

Gram-Scale, Stereoselective Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of (+)-Armillariol C

Natural products with heteroaromatic cores are ample and widespread in nature, with many compounds exhibiting promising therapeutic properties. (+)<b>-</b>Armillariol C (<b>1a</b>) is a furan-based natural product isolated from <i>Armillaria</i> species. Herein, we report the first enantioselective synthesis of (+)<b>-</b>armillariol C (<b>1a</b>, 79% overall yield), its enantiomer (<b>1b</b>), and four other analogues, on a gram-scale, using microwave-mediated, Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling and Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation reactions. Compounds were tested for plant- and mycelia-growth regulatory activity, with <b>1b</b>, <b>7a</b>, and <b>7b</b> showing the strongest inhibitory properties in a lettuce assay and <b>7b</b> and <b>9b</b> inhibiting <i>Flammulina velutipes</i>

Fairy Chemicals, 2‑Azahypoxanthine and 2‑Aza-8-oxohypoxanthine, Regulate Carotenoid Accumulation in Citrus Juice Sacs <i>in Vitro</i>

“Fairy chemicals”, 2-azahypoxanthine (AHX) and 2-aza-8-oxohypoxanthine (AOH), are two novel plant-growth regulating compounds isolated from a fairy ring forming fungus, <i>Lepista sordida</i>. In the present study, the effects of AHX and AOH on the accumulation of carotenoids and expression of genes related to carotenoid metabolism were investigated in the juice sacs of Satsuma mandarin (<i>Citrus unshiu</i> Marc.) <i>in vitro</i>. The results showed that AHX and AOH regulated carotenoid metabolism in the citrus juice sacs. Carotenoid accumulation was induced by AHX in the second week and by AOH in the fourth week. In the meanwhile, the modification of carotenoid accumulation by the AHX and AOH treatments was highly regulated at the transcriptional level. The results presented herein provide new information on the functions of AHX and AOH in plants and contribute to elucidating the mechanisms by which AHX and AOH stimulate plant growth

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Suppressive Compounds from the Edible Mushroom <i>Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii</i>

Two novel compounds, <b>1</b> and <b>7</b>, along with six known compounds (<b>2</b>–<b>6</b> and <b>8</b>), were isolated from the edible mushroom <i>Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii</i> (bunaharitake in Japanese). The structures of the new compounds were determined by the interpretation of spectroscopic data. Compounds <b>1</b>–<b>4</b> and <b>6</b>–<b>8</b> showed protective activity against endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent cell death

¹H (500 MHz) and ¹³C (125 MHz) NMR data.

a, b<p>interchangeable.</p><p>¹H (500 MHz) and ¹³C (125 MHz) NMR data.</p

Quantitation of cell-surface expression of HA-tagged NPC1L1^{L1072T/L1168I} by FACS analysis.

<p>HEK293 cells stably expressing HA-hNPC1L1^{L1072T/L1168I}-EGFP (HA-L1072T/L1168I) were incubated in the absence or presence of 10 µM fomiroid A for 24 h. Cell-surface expression of HA-L1072T/L1168I mutant was detected by staining with anti-HA and Alexa Fluor 633–conjugated anti–mouse IgG antibodies, and then quantitated by FACS analysis. The percentages in the upper right regions of the panels indicate the proportion of cells double-positive for anti-HA antibody and EGFP.</p

Structure of fomiroid A.

<p>Structure of fomiroid A.</p

Rescue of mislocalized NPC1L1^{L1072T/L1168I}.

<p>A, HEK293 cells stably expressing hNPC1L1-EGFP (WT) or hNPC1L1^{L1072T/L1168I}-EGFP (L1072T/L1168I) were incubated in the absence or presence of 10 µM fomiroid A for 24 h, and then plasma membranes (PM) were stained with CellMask Orange. The arrows show the rescue of mislocalized L1072T/L1168I mutant by fomiroid A treatment. Scale bar, 10 µm. B, WT or L1072T/L1168I mutant cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of fomiroid A for 24 h. The amount of NPC1L1 was determined using anti-GFP antibody. Vinculin was used as a loading control. C, Intensities of bands representing mature NPC1L1. Values represent means ± S.E. (n = 3). *<i>p</i><0.05 compared with untreated mutant cells.</p

Erinaceolactones A to C, from the Culture Broth of <i>Hericium erinaceus</i>

Three novel compounds, erinaceolactones A to C (<b>1</b>–<b>3</b>), and a known compound (<b>4</b>) were isolated from the culture broth of <i>Hericium erinaceus</i>. The planar structures of <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> were determined by the interpretation of spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of <b>3</b> was determined by X-ray crystallography. Although compound <b>4</b> had been synthesized, it was isolated from a natural source for the first time. In the bioassay examining plant-growth regulatory activity of these compounds (<b>1</b>–<b>4</b>) and other components of the fungus (<b>5</b>–<b>8</b>), compounds <b>1</b>, <b>2</b>, and <b>4</b>–<b>8</b> suppressed the growth of lettuce

Additional file 6: Figure S2. of Analysis of ethanol fermentation mechanism of ethanol producing white-rot fungus Phlebia sp. MG-60 by RNA-seq

Transcripts of Phlebia sp. MG-60 and of P. chrysosporium mapped to the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway based on the KEGG pathway database. A list of the identified enzymes is provided in Tables S5 and S6. Genes showing up-regulation and down-regulation are boxed in red and green, respectively. The number of genes is shown in blue. (DOCX 161 kb