Impact of the <i>NRGN</i> genotype on GM volume of left anterior cingulate gyrus in schizophrenia.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Anatomical localizations are displayed on coronal, sagittal, and axial sections of a normal MRI spatially normalized into the Montreal Neurological Institute template (uncorrected <i>p</i><0.001, cluster size>100). A significant cluster of the genotype effect was in the left anterior cingulate gyrus in the patients with schizophrenia, after controlling for differences in the duration of illness among genotypes. The region is shown as cross-hairline. The color bars show <i>t</i> values corresponding to the color in the figure. (<b>B</b>) Each column shows relative gray matter volumes extracted from the left anterior cingulate gyrus (Talairach coordinates; −12, 42, −9). We extracted a sphere with a 10 mm volume-of-interest (VOI) radius from the significant region to compare the effects of the genotype in both the patients with schizophrenia and healthy subjects. Error bars represent the standard error.</p

Effects of <i>NRGN</i> genotype on GM volumes in patients with schizophrenia and in healthy controls.

<p>GM: gray matter, R: right, L: left, BA: Brodmann area, CS: Cluster size, FWE: family-wise error, SZ: patients with schizophrenia, HC: healthy controls. Significant results [<i>p</i><0.05 (<i>FWE</i> corrected)] are shown as bold face and underline.</p

Effects of <i>NRGN</i> genotype and genotype-diagnosis interaction on GM and WM volumes in total subjects.

<p>GM: gray matter, WM: white matter, R: right, L: left, BA: Brodmann area, CS: Cluster size, FWE: family-wise error.</p

Effects of the risk-T-allele on decreased GM regions and diagnosis-<i>NRGN</i> genotype interaction on GM regions.

<p>Effects of the risk T allele on decreased GM regions (TTNRGN genotype interaction on GM regions was shown by hot colormap (red areas). There was no significant effect of the risk T allele on increased GM regions (CCt values corresponding to the color in the figure.</p

The association between the risk-associated <i>p250GAP</i> genotype and SPQ total score and the three factors.

<p>The gray bars represent individuals who are G-carriers (G/G and G/A genotypes) of rs2298599. The white bars represent individuals with the A/A genotype of the SNP. Error bars represent standard errors of the mean. * <i>p</i><0.05.</p

Genotypic and allelic distributions for SNPs in the <i>p250GAP</i> between patients with schizophrenia and controls.

<p>SCZ: patients with schizophrenia, CON: controls, M: major allele, m: minor allele, MAF: minor allele frequency, OR: odds ratio, 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.</p>a<p>db SNP build 129.</p><p>All of the alleles are represented according to the minus strand DNA sequence. Numbers of genotypes were represented as genotype counts. <i>P</i> values<0.05 are in boldface and underlined.</p

The genomic structure of <i>p250GAP</i> and linkage disequilibrium of the <i>p250GAP</i> in the HapMap JPT.

<p>The genomic structure of <i>p250GAP</i> is based on an entry in the Entrez Gene database (National Center for Biotechnology Information). The locations of the SNPs analyzed in this study are indicated by arrows. The numbers indicated in parentheses refer to the numbering of the SNPs in the linkage disequilibrium (LD) diagram. The distances of the exons-introns and the intermarkers are drawn to scale. The LDs between the pairwise SNPs are shown using the <i>r²</i> value at the bottom of the map of the gene structure for the HapMap JPT samples. High levels of LD are represented by black (<i>r²</i>) coloring, with increasing color intensity shown by the color bars.</p

Association of the <i>p250GAP</i> gene risk variant with the schizotypal personality traits.

<p>SPQ: Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. Means ± SD are shown. The effect sizes are typically categorized as small (<i>d</i> = 0.20, <i>η²</i> = 0.01), medium (<i>d</i> = 0.50, <i>η²</i> = 0.06) or large (<i>d</i> = 0.80, <i>η²</i> = 0.14). Significant <i>p</i> values are shown in boldface and underlined.</p

The Pareidolia Test: A Simple Neuropsychological Test Measuring Visual Hallucination-Like Illusions

<div><p>Background</p><p>Visual hallucinations are a core clinical feature of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and this symptom is important in the differential diagnosis and prediction of treatment response. The pareidolia test is a tool that evokes visual hallucination-like illusions, and these illusions may be a surrogate marker of visual hallucinations in DLB. We created a simplified version of the pareidolia test and examined its validity and reliability to establish the clinical utility of this test.</p><p>Methods</p><p>The pareidolia test was administered to 52 patients with DLB, 52 patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and 20 healthy controls (HCs). We assessed the test-retest/inter-rater reliability using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and the concurrent validity using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) hallucinations score as a reference. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the pareidolia test to differentiate DLB from AD and HCs.</p><p>Results</p><p>The pareidolia test required approximately 15 minutes to administer, exhibited good test-retest/inter-rater reliability (ICC of 0.82), and moderately correlated with the NPI hallucinations score (r_s = 0.42). Using an optimal cut-off score set according to the ROC analysis, and the pareidolia test differentiated DLB from AD with a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 92%.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Our study suggests that the simplified version of the pareidolia test is a valid and reliable surrogate marker of visual hallucinations in DLB.</p></div

Demographic variables for subjects included in the SPQ analysis.

<p>Means ± SD are shown. <i>P</i> values<0.05 are in boldface and underlined.</p>a<p><i>χ²</i> test.</p