Effects of different acetylsalicylic acid doses on body organs, histopathology, and serum biochemical parameters in broiler birds

A indústria avícola é afetada por diversas doenças ou estresses. Particularmente devido às aves serem antipiréticas. O ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS) é largamente utilizado com diferentes objetivos que incluem o controle do estresse calórico, bem como a atividade respiratória e digestiva. O propósito deste estudo foi a avaliação dos efeitos benéficos e tóxicos do emprego de diferentes dosagens do AAS em frangos de corte. As variáveis analisadas foram: exame físico, parâmetros bioquímicos, bem como as alterações histopatológicas em seções de tecidos colhidas das aves em um ensaio experimental. O estudo foi conduzido em 60 frangos de corte com um dia de idade adquiridos em um mercado local de Faisalabad que foram recriados nos primeiros 14 dias em idênticas condições. Então no 15º dia as aves foram distribuídas randomicamente em quatro grupos identificados pelos números 1 a 4, com 15 aves em cada grupo. O grupo 4 foi mantido como grupo controle e os grupos 1, 2 e 3 foram tratados com AAS, respectivamente, nas doses de 300, 600 e 1200 mg/L de água de bebida, durante 21 dias. Foram realizadas três amostragens nos dias 21, 28 e 35 pós-tratamento. O peso vivo corpóreo e da carcaça foi registrado em cada amostragem. Em todos os órgãos viscerais foi analisada a presença de alterações patológicas. As amostras de soro sanguíneo foram colhidas para a avaliação bioquímica. O exame histopatológico de todos os órgãos viscerais foi realizado para a observação de alterações microscópicas. A partir da segunda amostragem foi observado um aumento significante (p<0,05) no peso corpóreo na dosagem de 300mg/L. Um significante aumento no peso relativo dos órgãos foi registrado na dosagem de 1200 mg/L. Os grupos tratados com dosagens de 600 e 1200 mg/L de AAS, apresentaram aumento significante dos níveis de AST, ALT e de creatinina quando comparados ao grupo controle. O grupo tratado com 1200 mg/L de AAS apresentou um aumento significante (P,0,05) de uréia, proteína sérica total e de albumina em todas as amostragens. No grupo de alta dosagem foram observados alterações histopatológicas constituídas por aumento dos hepatócitos, aumento dos espaços sinusoidais no fígado, congestão e anormalidades nos espaços glomerulares nos rins, congestão e ruptura alveolar nos pulmões, degeneração das vilosidades e celular nos intestinos A conclusão obtida foi que em frangos de corte uma baixa dosagem do AAS pode ser utilizada por um período de longa duração, apresentando um efeito promotor do crescimento, contudo as doses elevadas determinam toxicidade hepática e renal.The poultry industry suffers from various diseases or stresses. In poultry, apart from being antipyretic, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is widely used to cope with different issues including heat stress, and respiratory and digestive orders. This study evaluated the beneficial and toxic effects of ASA at different dose levels in broiler birds. To evaluate these toxic and beneficial effects it is necessary to examine the physical and serum biochemical parameters as well as the histopathological changes with tissue sections taken from broiler birds under experimental trial. This study was conducted on 60 one-day-old broiler chicks purchased from a local market in Faisalabad. Chicks were reared for the first 14 days under similar conditions. On the 15th day, birds were randomly divided into 4 groups (1-4) with 15 birds in each group. Group 4 was kept as control, while groups 1, 2, and 3 were treated with ASA at the dose of 300, 600, and 1200 mg/L of drinking water for 21 days. There were 3 samplings performed at 21, 28, and 35 days post-treatment. The live body weight and carcass weight were noted on each sampling. All the visceral organs were recorded for gross pathological changes. The serum samples were collected for biochemical evaluation. Histopathology of all the visceral organs was performed to observe the microscopic changes. A significant (P<0.05) increase in live body weight at a 300mg/L dose was noted after the first 2 samplings. A significant (P<0.05) increase in the relative organ weight was recorded at 1200 mg/L. The groups treated with ASA 600 and 1200 mg/L showed increased (P<0.05) AST, ALT, and creatinine levels from that of the control group. The group treated with 1200 mg/L of ASA showed increased (P<0.05) urea, serum total protein, and albumin level in all the samplings. Histopathological changes revealed swollen hepatocytes, increased sinusoidal spaces in the liver, congestion and abnormal glomerular spaces in the kidney, congestion and alveolar disruption in the lungs, and generation of villi and cellular degeneration in the intestine in a high-dose group. The study concluded that ASA at a low dose can be used for a long time in broilers and has a growth promontory role, while high-level doses cause hepatorenal toxicity

Association of Serum Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase and C-Reactive Protein as a Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Patients of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective: To compare Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase and serum C-reactive protein as biomarker of oxidative stress in patients of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, department of Chemical Pathology and Endocrinology Rawalpindi. The duration of study was 6 months i.e., 17 Nov 2021 – 17 May 2022 after approval from Institutional Review Board FC-CHP21-12/Read-IRB/22/846. Materials and Methods: An analytical, cross-sectional research was carried out at Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Rawalpindi. An overall 300 diabetic patients were included between ages of 45 – 65 years. Group I had 100 nondiabetic individuals of 45 – 65 years of age with HbA1c < 5.7 %. Group II and III included 100 patients each of DM of matched age with HbA1c 6.5 – 7 % and greater than 7 % respectively, without any other chronic disease. Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase, HbA1c, Serum C-Reactive Protein were analyzed. Moreover, some more biochemical investigations such as serum liver enzymes were measured to rule out any liver disease. One-way ANOVA was followed up by post-hoc Tukey analysis for intergroup comparison. Results: Mean serum gamma-glutamyl transferase levels were markedly increased in group III patients followed by group II and normal in group I. The mean of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase in group I was (9.38+4.05U/l), group II (34.27+15.07 U/l) and group III (47.08+20.56 U/l). The mean of Serum C-Reactive Protein in group I was (11+6.02 mg/l), group II (62.07+ 26.94 mg/l) and group III (107.73+57.03 mg/l). Pearson correlation revealed prominent positive correlation between HbA1c, serum gamma-glutamyl transferase and Serum C-Reactive Protein with r value of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (0.838367) and Serum C-Reactive Protein (0.684722). One-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey analysis had p value of < 0.05 which was statistically significant. Conclusion: Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase is better marker of oxidative stress in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus as compared to Serum C-Reactive Protein. The r value of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase is (0.838367) and Serum C-Reactive Protein is (0.684722) indicating strong positive correlation of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase with HbA1c. Therefore, Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase can be used for the prevention and monitoring of complications of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Medical students’ attitudes towards the clinical importance of embryology

Objective of study: The objective of the study is to identify the attitudes of medical students towards the clinical importance of embryology. Methodology: The cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted at a private medical college of Sialkot, Islam Medical College from September 2019 to November 2019. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Research and Ethics Committee prior to the study. Hundred First year and 100 final year medical students of Islam Medical College, participated in the survey. Thurdstone and Chave attitude analysis scoring was used to assess the attitudes.  The questionnaire consisted of 20 statements. Students had to tick only those statements with which they were in full agreement. Prior to conducting the study a median score was taken out of 50 anatomy teachers, showing their opinion toward each statement. Results: The results of the study showed that the medical students do appreciate the importance of embryology in the early years and to a more extent in the clinical years. The attitude scores remained on the positive side. Female students showed better attitudes towards embryology in both years. Conclusion:  To understand the importance of embryology efforts are required by the teachers teaching anatomy, and medical educationalists, to inform medical students of the relevance of embryology in attaining clinical competence. Key words: Attitude, Clinical, Embryology, Continuous..

Establishing biotinidase reference interval, a foundation stone for newborn screening of biotinidase deficiency in Pakistan

Objective: To determine the reference interval of biotinidase activity in healthy neonates. Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Chemical Pathology and Endocrinology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from May to November 2019, and comprised blood samples collected from healthy neonates aged 2-6 days. The samples were collected on filter paper and analysed on genetic screening processor based on dissociation-enhanced lanthanide flouroimmunoassay. Data was analysed using SPSS 21. Results: Of the 120 dried blood spot specimens, 81(67.5%) were from male babies and 39(32.5%) from female babies. Reference interval for biotinidase activity, based on 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles, was from 3.0 to 11.0 nmol/ml/min. Conclusion: Screening of newborns for biotinidase deficiency is crucial to prevent irreversible neurological damage. Key Words: Biotinidase reference interval, Biotinidase deficiency, Newborn screening in Pakistan

Biogenic iron oxide nanoparticles enhance callogenesis and regeneration pattern of recalcitrant Cicer arietinum L.

This study is the first report on the biosynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) which mediate in-vitro callus induction and shoot regeneration in economically important recalcitrant chickpea crop (Cicer arietinum L.). Here, we used leaf extract of Cymbopogon jwarancusa for the synthesis of IONPs in order to achieve a better biocompatibility. The bioactive compounds in C. jwarancusa leaf extract served as both reducing and capping agents in the fabrication process of IONPs. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) revealed rods like surface morphology of IONPs with an average diameter of 50±0.2 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) depicted formation of pure IONPs with 69.84% Fe and 30.16% O2. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) validate the crystalline structure, chemical analysis detect the presence of various biomolecular fingerprints in the as synthesized IONPs. UV-visible absorption spectroscopy depicts activity of IONPs under visible light. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) displayed thermal loss of organic capping around 500°C and confirmed their stabilization. The biosynthesized IONPs revealed promising results in callus induction, shoot regeneration and root induction of chickpea plants. Both chickpea varieties Punjab-Noor 09 and Bittle-98 explants, Embryo axes (EA) and Embryo axes plus adjacent part of cotyledon (EXC) demonstrated dose-dependent response. Among all explants, EXC of Punjab-Noor variety showed the highest callogenesis (96%) and shoot regeneration frequency (88%), while root induction frequency was also increased to 83%. Iron content was quantified in regenerated chickpea varieties through inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The quantity of iron is significantly increased in Punjab-Noor regenerated plants (4.88 mg/g) as compare to control treated plants (2.42 mg/g). We found that IONPs enhance chickpea growth pattern and keep regenerated plantlets infection free by providing an optimum environment for rapid growth and development. Thus, IONPs synthesized through green process can be utilized in tissue culture studies in other important recalcitrant legumes crops