31 research outputs found

    La gĂ©ohistoire des inondations au service de l’évaluation critique du zonage du Plan de PrĂ©vention des Risques d’Inondation : l’exemple de Thann (Haut-Rhin, France)

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    Thann, entre Massif Vosgien et plaine d’Alsace, est une des premiĂšres villes du Haut-Rhin Ă  avoir fait l’objet d’un Plan de PrĂ©vention des Risques d’Inondation (PPRI). La commune est en effet traversĂ©e par la Thur, caractĂ©risĂ©e par des crues violentes. Pour autant, le zonage du PPRI de la Thur ne mentionne qu’une zone Ă  risque assez rĂ©duite. Or la ville a Ă©tĂ© victime par le passĂ© d’inondations destructrices, telles que le rĂ©vĂšle la base de donnĂ©es TRANSRISK. Parmi ces Ă©vĂ©nements, la crue de dĂ©cembre 1947, trĂšs bien documentĂ©e, permet, Ă  travers une approche gĂ©ohistorique (contextualisation, transposition), la confrontation spatiale des zones inondĂ©es en 1947 et des zones classĂ©es inondables par le PPRI. Les rĂ©sultats soulĂšvent de nombreuses questions quant Ă  la qualitĂ© du zonage du PPRI qui semble pĂ©cher par erreur et par omission. Et en cas de crue centennale, les dĂ©gĂąts seraient catastrophiques. Si la reconstitution de 1947 offre un scĂ©nario du pire, cela peut aussi constituer une base de prĂ©paration de gestion de crise.Thann, between the Vosges Mountains and the Alsace plain, is one of the first cities of Haut-Rhin to have been concerned by a Flood Risks Prevention Plan (PPRI). The town is indeed crossed by the Thur river, characterized by violent floods. However, the zoning of the PPRI mentions only a relatively small risk area. But the city has suffered in the past from destructive floods, as it is revealed by the TRANSRISK database. Among these events, the flood of December 1947, very well documented, allows, through a geo-historical approach (contextualization, transposition), the spatial confrontation of areas flooded in 1947 and flood areas designated by the PPRI. The results raise many questions about the quality of PPRI zoning that appears to present errors and omissions. And in the case of a 100-year flood, the damage would be catastrophic. If the re-enactment of the 1947 flood features a worst case scenario, this can also be the basis for a preparation for crisis management

    The year-long unprecedented European heat and drought of 1540 - a worst case

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    The heat waves of 2003 in Western Europe and 2010 in Russia, commonly labelled as rare climatic anomalies outside of previous experience, are often taken as harbingers of more frequent extremes in the global warming-influenced future. However, a recent reconstruction of spring-summer temperatures for WE resulted in the likelihood of significantly higher temperatures in 1540. In order to check the plausibility of this result we investigated the severity of the 1540 drought by putting forward the argument of the known soil desiccation-temperature feedback. Based on more than 300 first-hand documentary weather report sources originating from an area of 2 to 3 million km2, we show that Europe was affected by an unprecedented 11-month-long Megadrought. The estimated number of precipitation days and precipitation amount for Central and Western Europe in 1540 is significantly lower than the 100-year minima of the instrumental measurement period for spring, summer and autumn. This result is supported by independent documentary evidence about extremely low river flows and Europe-wide wild-, forest- and settlement fires. We found that an event of this severity cannot be simulated by state-of-the-art climate models

    : Contribution of geohistorical research to hydroclimatic risk knowledge in urban areas : case of the city of Mulhouse (France)

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    Le Plan de PrĂ©vention des Risques d'inondation (PPRI) pour le bassin de l'Ill, prescrit en 1997 et approuvĂ© en... 2006, indique que la ville de Mulhouse (Haut – Rhin, France) se trouve presque totalement Ă  l'abri des inondations. Cette situation apparaĂźt comme le rĂ©sultat de la construction par Ă©tapes entre 1850 et 1906 d'un important ouvrage de canalisation et de dĂ©tournement des eaux de l'Ill (« canal de dĂ©charge »). Si son objectif de l'Ă©poque Ă©tait, surtout, de permettre l'urbanisation et le dĂ©veloppement industriel du « Manchester français », le canal de dĂ©charge a transformĂ© cette ville d'eau Ă©tablie en zone marĂ©cageuse et inondable, en un espace a priori dĂ©nuĂ© de tout risque d'inondation. La chronologie des Ă©vĂ©nements Ă©tablie sur la pĂ©riode 1480 – 2010 dans le cadre du programme ANR – DFG TRANSRISK, est de ce point de vue exemplaire : non seulement les inondations, nombreuses jusqu'au milieu du XIXĂš siĂšcle, disparaissent Ă  Mulhouse, mais la ville devient un cas particulier dans un bassin de l'Ill oĂč les crues destructrices continuent pourtant de se multiplier jusqu'Ă  l'Ă©poque actuelle (la derniĂšre en date s'Ă©tant produite en aoĂ»t 2007). Au-delĂ  d'un quelconque hasard mĂ©tĂ©orologique, l'efficacitĂ© de ce canal semble donc incontestable. Mais, dans le mĂȘme temps, des rapports alarmistes, notamment dans le secteur des assurances, Ă©voquent l'Ă©ventualitĂ© d'une inondation catastrophique touchant 70.000 des 110.000 habitants de Mulhouse. Qu'en est – il vraiment ? Sachant que cette commune « Ă  l'abri des inondations » a fait l'objet de 7 arrĂȘtĂ©s de catastrophe naturelle « inondations » entre 1987 et 2002. Pour les chercheurs comme pour les acteurs locaux en charge de la gestion des risques majeurs, la question se pose donc d'une Ă©valuation systĂ©mique des amĂ©nagements de protection de la ville. L'idĂ©e est d'appliquer une dĂ©marche gĂ©ohistorique et multiscalaire destinĂ©e Ă  replacer le systĂšme ville – riviĂšre – amĂ©nagement dans un contexte spatial et temporel Ă©tendu en s'appuyant sur la chronologie des crues destructrices, leur perception et leur contextualisation en termes d'Ă©volution de l'occupation des sols. Les Ă©vĂ©nements anciens montrent que la crue de rĂ©fĂ©rence est sans doute mal estimĂ©e Ă  Mulhouse, mĂȘme si l'amĂ©nagement du haut – bassin a conduit de maniĂšre « involontaire » Ă  un Ă©talement du pic de crue. Un travail de dĂ©pouillement des archives des sapeurs pompiers s'est rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© particuliĂšrement fructueux, en permettant l'identification d'une vingtaine d'inondations Ă  Mulhouse depuis les annĂ©es 1940. Mais ce n'est plus l'Ill qui dĂ©borde. Il s'agit de ruissellements urbains liĂ©s Ă  des prĂ©cipitations torrentielles qui « accompagnent » la croissance de la ville, non plus dans la plaine inondable de l'Ill mais sur les collines avoisinantes. Le risque d'inondation reste donc bien prĂ©sent, au point d'ĂȘtre mĂȘme banalisĂ©, toutefois, il ne vient plus du bas (riviĂšre) mais du haut (collines). Et l'histoire rĂ©cente (certaines rues ayant Ă©tĂ© inondĂ©es Ă  12 reprises en 70 ans) montre que si l'on avait effectuĂ© une dĂ©marche « botom – up », intĂ©grant les caractĂ©ristiques du territoire en ce qui concerne la prĂ©vention des risques, un PPR ruissellements urbains aurait Ă©tĂ© parfaitement justifiĂ© plutĂŽt qu'un PPRI qui sous - estime, voire nie le risque d'inondation. Cette dĂ©marche s'inscrit par ailleurs pleinement dans les objectifs de la directive europĂ©enne du 23 octobre 2007 relative Ă  l'Ă©valuation et Ă  la gestion des risques d'inondation, qui attire l'attention sur les risques d'inondation par ruissellement pluvial, alors que les mesures de prĂ©vention en France sont jusqu'Ă  prĂ©sent surtout Ă©tĂ© axĂ©es sur les risques des crues de cours d'eau

    Improving the understanding of flood risk in the Alsatian region by knowledge capitalization: the ORRION participative observatory

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    International audienceDespite the strong societal impact of natural hazards, their documentation remains incomplete, with only a few inventories exceeding the past two centuries. Surprisingly enough, this also applies to Europe, a densely populated territory, and to floods, which along with storms are the most common and damage-causing natural hazard in Europe. In addition, existing inventories have often been compiled by scientists and technicians and are used for risk management in a top-down manner, although the participation of all parties concerned has been recognized as a key factor for disaster reduction. To address this double paradox, the present article presents the regional flood risk observatory ORRION for the Alsatian region, north-eastern France, and its very rich data content. Stemming from two successive interdisciplinary and transnational French-German research projects, ORRION was designed as a participative online platform on which information is shared between individuals, stakeholders, engineers, and scientists. This original approach aims at maximizing knowledge capitalization and contributes to building a common knowledge base for flood risk. ORRION is organized by events including all river floods that have likely arisen from a single synoptic situation. For each event, it documents information sources, date of occurrence, causes, and consequences in terms of damage and affected river basins and municipalities. ORRION has contributed toward renewing our knowledge of flood hazard and risk in the target area. Notably, here, long chronicles of floods are derived for 13 rivers, the Rhine and most of its main Alsatian tributaries and for all Alsatian municipalities, most of them since the end of the 15th century but over more than one millennium for the Rhine. Their main characteristics according to various typologies (seasonality, causes, severity, etc.) are analysed. Major developments over the study period related to sources, land use, and/or climate change are identified. The advantages and limitations of the approach are discussed, and the potential to expand both data exploitation and build common flood risk knowledge is outlined

    Géohistoire critique de la crue de janvier 1910 dans le Fossé Rhénan (Alsace / Pays de Bade)

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    « L’Alsace n’a plus connu de crue exceptionnelle depuis 1910 » affirmaient en 2000 les services de l’État. Toutefois, aucun des Plans de PrĂ©vention des Risques d’Inondation n’a pris en compte les Ă©vĂ©nements de janvier 1910. Comment interprĂ©ter ce paradoxe ? A – t – on fait preuve d’exagĂ©ration en transposant dans le contexte local le traumatisme qu’a connu la rĂ©gion parisienne ? En d’autres termes, l’inondation de Paris en 1910 aurait – elle ainsi conduit Ă  surĂ©valuer les Ă©vĂ©nements s’étant produits ailleurs au mĂȘme moment ? Sinon, il faut s’interroger sur les raisons de la non-prise en compte des inondations de 1910 dans les procĂ©dures rĂ©glementaires. Dans ce contexte, la reconstitution des crues de janvier 1910 en Alsace et dans le FossĂ© RhĂ©nan prĂ©sente donc un intĂ©rĂȘt gĂ©ohistorique Ă©vident. D’autant plus que, notamment pour le Rhin, il faut bien prĂ©ciser de quelle crue de 1910 l’on parle. Il s’agit donc de procĂ©der Ă  la datation puis Ă  l’évaluation et Ă  la classification de cette inondation dans une chronologie Ă  long terme, avant de discuter de sa variabilitĂ© spatiale et de la part des facteurs anthropiques entre parties française et allemande du FossĂ© RhĂ©nan. A condition de trouver des informations significatives. Du fait de difficultĂ©s d’accĂšs aux sources, les Ă©vĂ©nements de 1910 restent mal connus des spĂ©cialistes

    French – German flood risk geohistory in the Rhine Graben

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    4 pages (publication en ligne)International audienceBecause of its turbulent history, Alsace is one of French regions where the historic floods are the most underestimated. The damages connected to the wars (on 1870, 1914 - 1918, 1939 - 1945), the particular classification of archives and, especially, their writing in German during several periods of the recent history, is rebuffing numerous specialists Located in the same geographical area (the Rhine Graben), but by the other side of the the border constituted by the Rhine, the land of Bade is, him too, confronted with the problem of the misunderstanding of the historic floods, because of the destructions of the war also, but especially because of the harmful absence, for archives production, of a strong centralized state until the German unification after 1870. Hence the idea to set up a multidisciplinary French – German research program, to establish compared floods chronologies over several centuries in the Rhine Graben, both in France and in Germany, by associating historians, geographers, anthropologists and specialists of the languages from the universities of Mulhouse (France) and Freiburg in Breisgau (Germany). This program (called “TRANSRISK” 2008 - 2010), financed by the « Agence Nationale de la Recherche » and the « Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft , has multiple objectives: - filling the gaps in the knowledge of the floods in France and in Germany - building a common geohistory of the floods - optimizing the prevention and the information about the floods, thanks to the classification, the reconstruction and the mapping of the extreme phenomena - understanding the role of rivers developments responsible for an different floods evolution on both sides of the Rhine - contributing to the implementation of flood risk observatories on a French – German basis. These works join the logic of the “European Directive 2007/60/EC on the assessment and management of flood risks” come into effects in november 2009 and will allow both regions, previously late, to take place in the forefront of innovation in knowledge on flood risks, including for small streams, and in mapping, two objectives were fixed for 2011 and 2013 by the European Directive. The first results are already spectacular because they are not less than 600 floods in Alsace and 400 in Bade who were able to be counted during the last 5 centuries, bringing to light, on one hand, totally forgotten extreme phenomena, and on the other hand significant breaks in compared floods chronologies, giving evidence of the essential role of the anthropological developments in the decrease or increase of flood risk... and in the production of archives
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