An Inflated Probability Model for the Rural Out-Migration

The main objective of the paper is to develop an inflated Probability model for the total number of migrants from a household. The suitability of the model is tested through observed data

Radial Flow and Differential Freeze-out in Proton-Proton Collisions at s=7\sqrt{s}= 7 TeV at the LHC

We analyse the transverse momentum ($p_{\rm T}$)-spectra as a function of charged-particle multiplicity at midrapidity ($|y| < 0.5$) for various identified particles such as $\pi^{\pm}$, $K^{\pm}$, $K_S^0$, $p+\overline{p}$, $\phi$, $K^{*0} + \overline {K^{*0}}$, and $\Lambda$ + $\bar{\Lambda}$ in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 7 TeV using Boltzmann-Gibbs Blast Wave (BGBW) model and thermodynamically consistent Tsallis distribution function. We obtain the multiplicity dependent kinetic freeze-out temperature ($T_{\rm kin}$) and radial flow ($\beta$) of various particles after fitting the $p_{\rm T}$-distribution with BGBW model. Here, $T_{\rm kin}$ exhibits mild dependence on multiplicity class while $\beta$ shows almost independent behaviour. The information regarding Tsallis temperature and the non-extensivity parameter ($q$) are drawn by fitting the $p_{\rm T}$-spectra with Tsallis distribution function. The extracted parameters of these particles are studied as a function of charged particle multiplicity density ($dN_{ch}/d\eta$). In addition to this, we also study these parameters as a function of particle mass to observe any possible mass ordering. All the identified hadrons show a mass ordering in temperature, non-extensive parameter and also a strong dependence on multiplicity classes, except the lighter particles. It is observed that as the particle multiplicity increases, the $q$-parameter approaches to Boltzmann-Gibbs value, hence a conclusion can be drawn that system tends to thermal equilibrium. The observations are consistent with a differential freeze-out scenario of the produced particles.Comment: Published versio

Solution of Travelling Salesman Problem based on Metaheuristic Techniques

The traveling salesman problem is a classic problem in combinatorial optimization. This problem is to find the shortest path that a salesman should take to traverse through a list of cities and return to the origin city. The list of cities and the distance between each pair are provided. It is an NP-complete problem i.e., class of computational problem for which no efficient solution algorithm has been found, presently there is no polynomial solution available. In this paper, we try to solve this very hard problem using various heuristics such as Simulated Annealing, Genetic Algorithm to find a near-optimal solu-tion as fast as possible. We try to escape the local optimum, using these advanced heu-ristic techniques

Measuring the global 21-cm signal with the MWA-II: improved characterisation of lunar-reflected radio frequency interference

Radio interferometers can potentially detect the sky-averaged signal from the Cosmic Dawn (CD) and the Epoch of Reionisation (EoR) by studying the Moon as a thermal block to the foreground sky. The first step is to mitigate the Earth-based RFI reflections (Earthshine) from the Moon, which significantly contaminate the FM band $\approx 88-110$ MHz, crucial to CD-EoR science. We analysed MWA phase-I data from $72-180$ MHz at $40$ kHz resolution to understand the nature of Earthshine over three observing nights. We took two approaches to correct the Earthshine component from the Moon. In the first method, we mitigated the Earthshine using the flux density of the two components from the data, while in the second method, we used simulated flux density based on an FM catalogue to mitigate the Earthshine. Using these methods, we were able to recover the expected Galactic foreground temperature of the patch of sky obscured by the Moon. We performed a joint analysis of the Galactic foregrounds and the Moon's intrinsic temperature $(T_{\rm Moon})$ while assuming that the Moon has a constant thermal temperature throughout three epochs. We found $T_{\rm Moon}$ to be at $184.40\pm{2.65}\rm ~K$ and $173.77\pm{2.48}\rm ~K$ using the first and the second methods, respectively, and the best-fit values of the Galactic spectral index $(\alpha)$ were found to be within the $5\%$ uncertainty level when compared with the global sky model. Compared with our previous work, these results improved constraints on the Galactic spectral index and the Moon's intrinsic temperature. We also simulated the Earthshine at the MWA between November-December 2023 to find suitable observing times less affected by the Earthshine. Such time windows can be used to schedule future observations of CD-EoR using the MWA.Comment: 17 pages, 14 figures and 5 tables, submitted to PAS

Improving constraints on the reionization parameters using 21-cm bispectrum

Radio interferometric experiments aim to constrain the reionization model parameters by measuring the 21-cm signal statistics, primarily the power spectrum. However the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) 21-cm signal is highly non-Gaussian, and this non-Gaussianity encodes important information about this era. The bispectrum is the lowest order statistic able to capture this inherent non-Gaussianity. Here we are the first to demonstrate that bispectra for large and intermediate length scales and for all unique $k$-triangle shapes provide tighter constraints on the EoR parameters compared to the power spectrum or the bispectra for a limited number of shapes of $k$-triangles. We use the Bayesian inference technique to constrain EoR parameters. We have also developed an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based emulator for the EoR 21-cm power spectrum and bispectrum which we use to remarkably speed up our parameter inference pipeline. Here we have considered the sample variance and the system noise uncertainties corresponding to $1000$ hrs of SKA-Low observations for estimating errors in the signal statistics. We find that using all unique $k$-triangle bispectra improves the constraints on parameters by a factor of $2-4$ (depending on the stage of reionization) over the constraints that are obtained using power spectrum alone.Comment: 27 pages, 9 figures, Accepted for publication in JCA

Extensiveness and homogeneity of diabetic/non-diabetic patients and their co-relation with CBNAAT confirmed tuberculosis patients in a tertiary care hospital of India

Background: Many studies reported association between TB susceptibility and diabetes mellitus (DM). Some studies were retrospective, did not assess other co morbidities related with tuberculosis. The effects of diabetes on tuberculosis severity (EDOTS) can be hypothesizing that burden of cases India is leading in TB and runner-up in diabetic. We report interim findings after enrolling 732 of a planned 212 subjects.Methods: This study conducted on patients with TB in west India with DM and normoglycemia defined by glucose tolerance test (GTT) and glucose fasting. Glycocylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipids profile and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were measured at the time of enrollment of patients. All patients were monitored monthly while they visited in TB and chest clinic for TB treatment.Results: Of 212 eligible patients, 117 (55.18%) were classified as diabetic, 49 (23.11%) with pre diabetic history (PDM), and 46 (21.70%) as normoglycemic (NG). DM patients were more likely to have a family history of diabetes in comparison to NG patients. Low density lipoprotein (LDH)) was higher in KDM as compared with NDM and NG patients. More patients (32) found diabetic through OGTT as compared with HbA1c (29).Conclusions: Early EDOTS, glycemic control and improve lifestyle can reduce the heterogeneity and implications for the TB-DM. Early diagnosis of TB and DM plays an important role in the management and treatment of TBDM.

Antagonistic Compounds Producing Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria: A Tool for Management of Plant Disease

Agriculture is facing struggle to meet the various confront of reducing plant diseases for an increasing world population food security. Great quantities of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides are required for high productivity which can damage ecosystem structures and functions, including the soil microbial community which plays an important role in agriculture sustainability. Soil is an excellent niche of growth of much plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. PGPR are naturally occurring soil bacteria that aggressively colonize in plant roots and play a vital role in crop protection, growth promotion and in the improvement of soil health. Scientific researchers involve multidisciplinary approaches to understand adaptation of PGPR, effects on plant physiology and growth induced systemic resistance, biocontrol of plant pathogens and biofertilization. The primary mechanism of biocontrol by PGPR involves the production of antibiotics such as carboxylic acid, 2,4-diacetyl phloroglucinoloomycin,pyoluteorin,pyrrolnitrin,kanosamine,zwittemycin-A and pantocin. A cascade of endogenous signals such as sensor kinases, N-acyl homoserine lactones and sigma factors regulates the synthesis of antibiotics. Some of these antibiotics have broad spectrum against many plant pathogens like fungi, viruses and bacteria, affecting crop plants. These antibiotics also serve as determinants in triggering induced systemic resistance (ISR) in the plant system

Size, composition and distribution of human resource for health in India: new estimates using National Sample Survey and Registry data

Objectives We provide new estimates on size, composition and distribution of human resource for health in India and compare with the health workers population ratio as recommended by the WHO. We also estimate size of non-health workers engaged in health sector and the size of technically qualified health professionals who are not a part of the health workforce. Design Nationally representative cross-section household survey and review of published documents by the Central Bureau of Health Intelligence. Setting National Participants Head of household/key informant in a sample of 101 724 households. Interventions Not applicable. Primary and secondary outcome measures The primary outcome was the number and density of health workers,and the secondary outcome was the percentage of health workers who are technically qualified and the percentage of individuals technically qualified and not in workforce. Results The total size of health workforce estimated from the National Sample Survey (NSS) data is 3.8 million as of January 2016, which is about 1.2 million less than the total number of health professionals registered with different councils and associations. The density of doctors and nurses and midwives per 10 000 population is 20.6 according to the NSS and 26.7 based on the registry data. Health workforce density in rural India and states in eastern India is lower than the WHO minimum threshold of 22.8 per 10 000 population. More than 80% of doctors and 70% of nurses and midwives are employed in the private sector. Approximately 25% of the currently working health professionals do not have the required qualifications as laid down by professional councils, while 20% of adequately qualified doctors are not in the current workforce. Conclusions Distribution and qualification of health professionals are serious problems in India when compared with the overall size of the health workers. Policy should focus on enhancing the quality of health workers and mainstreaming professionally qualified persons into the health workforce