Scope of Energy Consumption & Energy Conservation in Indian auto part manufacturing Industry

Energy is crucial to human sustenance and development. Due to the increase in the Demand of energy and deficiency in power generation, day by day the gap between demand and supply of electric energy is widening. Bridging this gap from the supply side is very difficult and expensive proposition. Also limited energy resources, scarcity of capital and high interest costs for the addition of new generation capacity is leading to the increased cost of electrical energy in India.  The only viable way to handle this crisis, apart from capacity addition, is the efficient use of available energy, which is possible only by continuously monitoring and controlling the use of electrical energy. Hence energy management program is a systematic and scientific process to identify the potential for improvements in energy efficiency, to recommend the ways with or without financial investment, to achieve estimated saving energy and energy cost. It is estimated that Industrial energy use in developing countries constitutes about 45-50 % of the total commercial energy consumption. Much of this energy is converted from imported oil, the price of which has increased tremendously so much so that most of developing countries spent more than 50 % of their foreign exchange earnings. Not with standing these fiscal constraints, developing countries need to expand its industrial base like us if it has to generate the resources to improve the quality of life of its people. The expansion of industrial base does require additional energy inputs which become more & more difficult in the present scenario. In this competitive world, cost competitiveness is very essential for survival of every individual have to save the energy so is equal to the generate energy. To establish any work / motive or task, energy in one or other form is an essential component. Thus the need to conserve energy, particularly in industry and commerce is strongly felt as the energy cost takes up substantial share in the overall cost structure of the operation. Hence it calls MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY or in other words MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES or ENERGY CONSERVATION

Micro Smart Grid Technology for Rural Indian model

Today world is step-in 21st century. But still in major part of India cannot get 24 X 7 eclectic power supply. Electrical power has become a prime necessity for any country for economic development. And power shortage is a dominant problem, being faced by the most of the countries today. On the top of this, the conventional fuel sources for power generation i.e. coal & oil deposits are fast getting depleted. The Obvious way out, is to shift focus to renewable sources of energy and in country like India our village population & remote location load always suffer by power cut or grid failure although they have enough potential to generate own power but due to lake of technology they can’t get 24 x 7 power supply to provide some solution of this problem we try to develop smart grid Indian version. Although more invention has to be carried out still in the use of non-conventional energy sources for power generation to reach to most economic point, but every little effort in this direction may provide a solution to power shortage problems. Hence the same topic was selected as a part of the curriculum. The goal of the paper is to construct a micro smart grid  which is capable of producing enough  electrical power by using local removable energy electrical power sources like wind, bio-gas, solar, current running hydro plan for the places like remote places like villages? In this paper, we propose a decentralized framework named Micro Smart GRID to tackle grid resource management a simulation study of operation and control of local generation & co-ordination with state grid in case of normal operation or power islands in Micro Smart Grid environment

Population pharmacokinetics of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin following single- and multiple-dosing of oral artesunate in healthy subjects

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The population pharmacokinetics of artesunate (AS) and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin (DHA) were studied in healthy subjects receiving single- or multiple-dosing of AS orally either in combination with pyronaridine (PYR) or as a monotherapy with or without food.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Data from 118 concentration-time profiles arising from 91 healthy Korean subjects were pooled from four Phase I clinical studies. Subjects received 2-5 mg/kg of single- and multiple-dosing of oral AS either in combination with PYR or as a monotherapy with or without food. Plasma AS and DHA were measured simultaneously using a validated liquid chromatography- mass spectrometric method with a lower limit of quantification of 1 ng/mL for both AS and DHA. Nonlinear mixed-effect modelling was used to obtain the pharmacokinetic and variability (inter-individual and residual variability) parameter estimates.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A novel parent-metabolite pharmacokinetic model consisting of a dosing compartment, a central compartment for AS, a central compartment and a peripheral compartment for DHA was developed. AS and DHA data were modelled simultaneously assuming stoichiometric conversion to DHA. AS was rapidly absorbed with a population estimate of absorption rate constant (Ka) of 3.85 h^-1. The population estimates of apparent clearance (CL/F) and volume of distribution (V2/F) for AS were 1190 L/h with 36.2% inter-individual variability (IIV) and 1210 L with 57.4% IIV, respectively. For DHA, the population estimates of apparent clearance (CLM/F) and central volume of distribution (V3/F) were 93.7 L/h with 28% IIV and 97.1 L with 30% IIV, respectively. The population estimates of apparent inter-compartmental clearance (Q/F) and peripheral volume of distribution (V4/F) for DHA were 5.74 L/h and 18.5 L, respectively. Intake of high-fat and high-caloric meal prior to the drug administration resulted in 84% reduction in Ka. Body weight impacted CLM/F, such that a unit change in weight resulted in 1.9-unit change in CLM/F in the same direction.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>A novel simultaneous parent-metabolite pharmacokinetic model with good predictive power was developed to study the population pharmacokinetics of AS and DHA in healthy subjects following single- and multiple-dosing of AS with or without the presence of food. Food intake and weight were significant covariates for Ka and CLM/F, respectively.</p

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Solubility Enhancement of Budesonide and Statistical Optimization of Coating Variables for Targeted Drug Delivery

The purpose of the research was to present Budesonide (BUD) as a novel formulation showing improved aqueous solubility, which may decrease variability in Cmax⁡ and Tmax⁡ found in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, and drug targeting to colon. To improve aqueous solubility, solid dispersion (SD) of the BUD with poloxamer 188 was prepared by melting method. Physical characterization of solid dispersion was performed. The SD was used to prepare tablet equivalent to 9 mg of BUD. The tablet was coated with enteric polymers Eudragit S100 and Eudragit L100 to target colon. The ratio of polymers and percentage coating was optimized using statistical design. Variables studied in design were ratio of enteric polymers and the effect of percentage coating on in vitro drug release. Dissolution at different pH showed that drug release in colon could be modified by optimizing the ratio of polymers and percentage coating. The dissolution data showed that the percentage coating and ratio of polymers are very important to get lag time and optimum formulation. The optimized batch from statistical design was kept under accelerated condition for three months. After accelerated stability study, there was no significant change in the drug release

A Population Pharmacokinetic (Pk)- Pharmacodynamic (Pd) Analysis Of Peginesatide India Lysis Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Peginesatide is an erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA) being developed for the treatment of anemia due to chronic kidney disease in dialysis patients. The purpose of this analysis was to develop a population PK-PD model to characterize time-course of peginesatide plasma and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations following administration of IV and SC peginesatide injections. This population PK–PD analysis included 4 phase 2 studies and 1 phase 3 study. Baseline subject demographics, laboratory values, and concomitant medications were evaluated as covariates in a stepwise manner. Models were evaluated for goodness-of-fit using diagnostic plots, predictability based on visual predictive check, and stability based on bootstrap analyses. The final PK model was a two compartment model with first-order absorption and saturable elimination. The final PD model was a precursor-dependent indirect response model with parameters accounting for the residual effect from the previous ESA doses (ESAD) and apparent change in disease condition (CF). The PD parameters shown below were estimated with good precision(relative standard error[RSE] ≤2%). Parameters Estimate RSE% EC50 (ng/mL) 401 2.0 Emax 0.542 1.6 Baseline Hb (g/dL) 11.5 0.40 MTT (mean transit time for red blood cells, h) 1640 0.49 MTP (mean transit time for progenitor cells, h) 462 1.1 ESA (residual effect from the previous ESA 0.153 0.66 CF (correction factor for disease condition) 0.000275 0.87 Total bilirubin, body mass index, age, alkaline phosphatase, ethnicity, and serum creatinine (for non-dialysis subjects) for PK and age and ESAD for PD were identified as statistically significant (p-value<0.005) covariates. None of these identified covariates were considered to be clinically relevant, based on their impact on simulated peginesatide exposure (<±30%) and Hb (<0.2 g/dL) levels

Clinical Presentation, Approach and Outcome of Gliosarcoma: A Series of 12 Cases

Gliosarcoma (GSM) is a rare and aggressive type of brain tumour with limited treatment options and a poor prognosis. The present case series aimed to provide further insights into the clinical features, treatment outcomes, and prognosis of GSM. Medical records of 12 histologically confirmed cases of GSM were analysed from 2018 to 2022, revealing a male predominance and a median age of 54 years. The most common symptoms were headache and vomiting due to raised intracranial pressure. All patients underwent maximal safe resection followed by concurrent chemoradiation and adjuvant chemotherapy with Temozolomide (TMZ). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a median Progression-free Survival (PFS) and overall survival of 8 and 12 months, respectively. The study revealed that the optimal treatment for primary GSM remains a therapeutic dilemma due to the rarity of the disease and the heterogeneity of the patient population and treatment regimens employed. The present study provides valuable insights into the clinical presentation and management of primary GSM in India and highlights the need for further research to improve outcomes for these patients

A Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Peginesatide in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease on Dialysis.

Peginesatide (OMONTYS®) is an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent that was indicated in the United States for the treatment of anemia due to chronic kidney disease in adult patients on dialysis prior to its recent marketing withdrawal by the manufacturer. The objective of this analysis was to develop a population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model to characterize the time-course of peginesatide plasma and hemoglobin concentrations following intravenous and subcutaneous administration. Plasma samples (n = 2,665) from 672 patients with chronic kidney disease (on or not on dialysis) and hemoglobin samples (n = 18,857) from 517 hemodialysis patients (subset of the 672 patients), were used for pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model development in NONMEM VI. The pharmacokinetic profile of peginesatide was best described by a two-compartment model with first-order absorption and saturable elimination. The relationship between peginesatide and hemoglobin plasma concentrations was best characterized by a modified precursor-dependent lifespan indirect response model. The estimate of maximal stimulatory effect of peginesatide on the endogenous production rate of progenitor cells (Emax) was 0.54. The estimate of peginesatide drug concentration required for 50% of maximal response (EC50) estimates was 0.4 µg/mL. Several significant (P<0.005) covariates affected simulated peginesatide exposure by ≤36%. Based upon ≤0.2 g/dL effects on simulated hemoglobin levels, none were considered clinically relevant

A combined approach using RAPD, ISSR and bioactive compound for the assessment of genetic diversity in <i>Aloe vera</i> (L.) Burm.f.

538-549Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.is an important medicinal plant valued all over the world for its pharmacological importance. Despite limited knowledge of the levels of genetic diversity and relatedness, their cultivation as a source of valuable secondary metabolites is widespread. In order to facilitate reasoned scientific decisions on its conservation and for selective breeding programme, aloin content and genetic diversity analysis of 55 genotypes were performed. Aloin content in the leaves of 55 genotypes varied from 3.29 to 276.76 mg/g of dry wt. Twenty six RAPD and fourteen ISSR primers amplified a total of 236 and 111 scorable bands, of which 86.44 and 72.07% were polymorphic, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated high genetic variation among genotypes. Genetic variation among genotypes grouped into low, intermediate and high aloin content was negligible, 5.4% (RAPD) and 4.08% (ISSR). The dendrogram obtained from Neighbor-joining and STRUCTURE analysis revealed splitting of genotypes into four clusters with no clear distinction between low, intermediate and high aloin content genotypes. Results showed that genetic variability, using RAPD and ISSR, was not associated with aloin content. However, both the markers revealed high genetic variation among genotypes, which is important in the conservation and exploitation of A. vera genetic resources