Salt Exclusion and Alkaline Soil Tolerance of Common Muscadine and Bunch Grape Rootstock Cultivars

Bunch grapes (Vitis spp.) are classified as moderately salt tolerant. However, little is known about the salt tolerance of muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia) grapes. The objective of this research was to evaluate the salt exclusion capacity of muscadine grapes relative to common bunch grape rootstocks and own-rooted hybrids. In two separate experiments, 31 muscadines, 6 bunch grape rootstocks, and 5 own-rooted hybrid cultivars were irrigated daily with a 25mM NaCl salt solution for a period of 14 days and destructively harvested to determine Na^+ and Cl^- concentrations in roots and shoots. At harvest, leaf necrosis was rated on a scale of 0 to 4. In greenhouse test one and two, Blanc Du Bois accumulated higher concentrations of both Na^+ and Cl^+-, but with lower leaf necrosis ratings than all six rootstock cultivars. Own-rooted hybrid and muscadine cultivars exhibited a greater range of accumulation of Na^+ and Cl^- than the rootstocks, and generally had higher ratings of leaf necrosis. The muscadine cultivar Janebell displayed generally lower concentrations of both Na^+ and Cl^- than most other muscadine cultivars, and overall there was no clear separation between the exclusion capacity of the muscadines and bunch grape rootstocks. To evaluate the relative alkaline soil tolerance of muscadines, 31 muscadine cultivars, 6 bunch grape rootstock cultivars, and 5 own-rooted hybrids were evaluated under field conditions in an alkaline (pH 8.2) Weswood silt loam soil. At the end of the growing season, tissue samples were collected from each cultivar for nutrient analysis. Significant differences in Na^+ and Cl^- exclusion capabilities between some muscadine and rootstock cultivars were observed, although the salinity of the soil and irrigation water were within recommended ranges for commercial grape production. All six rootstock cultivars exhibited generally higher rates of vigor than the muscadines under field conditions. The hybrid cultivars Blanc Du Bois and Dunstan’s Dream accumulated higher concentrations of Cl^- than the rootstocks but did not have high marginal necrosis ratings. This research suggests that Blanc Du Bois may benefit from grafting on sites where salinity is limiting, and that muscadines are not less salt tolerant than bunch grapes. Furthermore, the range in salt exclusion capacity observed in the muscadines under study suggest that grafting may be a viable option for muscadine growers when salinity is thought to pose a risk

Salt Exclusion and Alkaline Soil Tolerance of Common Muscadine and Bunch Grape Rootstock Cultivars

Bunch grapes (Vitis spp.) are classified as moderately salt tolerant. However, little is known about the salt tolerance of muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia) grapes. The objective of this research was to evaluate the salt exclusion capacity of muscadine grapes relative to common bunch grape rootstocks and own-rooted hybrids. In two separate experiments, 31 muscadines, 6 bunch grape rootstocks, and 5 own-rooted hybrid cultivars were irrigated daily with a 25mM NaCl salt solution for a period of 14 days and destructively harvested to determine Na^+ and Cl^- concentrations in roots and shoots. At harvest, leaf necrosis was rated on a scale of 0 to 4. In greenhouse test one and two, Blanc Du Bois accumulated higher concentrations of both Na^+ and Cl^+-, but with lower leaf necrosis ratings than all six rootstock cultivars. Own-rooted hybrid and muscadine cultivars exhibited a greater range of accumulation of Na^+ and Cl^- than the rootstocks, and generally had higher ratings of leaf necrosis. The muscadine cultivar Janebell displayed generally lower concentrations of both Na^+ and Cl^- than most other muscadine cultivars, and overall there was no clear separation between the exclusion capacity of the muscadines and bunch grape rootstocks. To evaluate the relative alkaline soil tolerance of muscadines, 31 muscadine cultivars, 6 bunch grape rootstock cultivars, and 5 own-rooted hybrids were evaluated under field conditions in an alkaline (pH 8.2) Weswood silt loam soil. At the end of the growing season, tissue samples were collected from each cultivar for nutrient analysis. Significant differences in Na^+ and Cl^- exclusion capabilities between some muscadine and rootstock cultivars were observed, although the salinity of the soil and irrigation water were within recommended ranges for commercial grape production. All six rootstock cultivars exhibited generally higher rates of vigor than the muscadines under field conditions. The hybrid cultivars Blanc Du Bois and Dunstan’s Dream accumulated higher concentrations of Cl^- than the rootstocks but did not have high marginal necrosis ratings. This research suggests that Blanc Du Bois may benefit from grafting on sites where salinity is limiting, and that muscadines are not less salt tolerant than bunch grapes. Furthermore, the range in salt exclusion capacity observed in the muscadines under study suggest that grafting may be a viable option for muscadine growers when salinity is thought to pose a risk

Monitoring of International Space Station Telemetry Using Shewhart Control Charts

Shewhart control charts have been established as an expedient method for analyzing dynamic, trending data in order to identify anomalous subsystem performance as soon as such performance would exceed a statistically established baseline. Additionally, this leading indicator tool integrates a selection methodology that reduces false positive indications, optimizes true leading indicator events, minimizes computer processor unit duty cycles, and addresses human factor concerns (i.e., the potential for flight-controller data overload). This innovation leverages statistical process control, and provides a relatively simple way to allow flight controllers to focus their attention on subtle system changes that could lead to dramatic off-nominal system performance. Finally, this capability improves response time to potential hardware damage and/or crew injury, thereby improving space flight safety. Shewhart control charts require normalized data. However, the telemetry from the ISS Early External Thermal Control System (EETCS) was not normally distributed. A method for normalizing the data was implemented, as was a means of selecting data windows, the number of standard deviations (Sigma Level), the number of consecutive points out of limits (Sequence), and direction (increasing or decreasing trend data). By varying these options, and treating them like dial settings, the number of nuisance alerts and leading indicators were optimized. The goal was to capture all leading indicators while minimizing the number of nuisances. Lean Six Sigma (L6S) design of experiment methodologies were employed. To optimize the results, Perl programming language was used to automate the massive amounts of telemetry data, control chart plots, and the data analysis

Sexuality, young people and care Creating a positive context for training, policy and development

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:m01/37167 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

AIDS and HIV training An evaluation of a multidisciplinary approach (The Short Report)

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:q94/26010 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Development of a porcine model of phenylketonuria with a humanized R408W mutation for gene editing.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a metabolic disorder whereby phenylalanine metabolism is deficient due to allelic variations in the gene for phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). There is no cure for PKU other than orthotopic liver transplantation, and the standard of care for patients is limited to dietary restrictions and key amino acid supplementation. Therefore, Pah was edited in pig fibroblasts for the generation of PKU clone piglets that harbor a common and severe human mutation, R408W. Additionally, the proximal region to the mutation was further humanized by introducing 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to allow for development of gene editing machinery that could be translated directly from the pig model to human PKU patients that harbor at least one classic R408W allele. Resulting piglets were hypopigmented (a single Ossabaw piglet) and had low birthweight (all piglets). The piglets had similar levels of PAH expression, but no detectable enzymatic activity, consistent with the human phenotype. The piglets were fragile and required extensive neonatal care to prevent failure to thrive and early demise. Phenylalanine levels rose sharply when dietary Phe was unrestricted but could be rapidly reduced with a low Phe diet. Fibroblasts isolated from R408W piglets show susceptibility to correction using CRISPR or TALEN, with subsequent homology-directed recombination to correct Pah. This pig model of PKU provides a powerful new tool for development of all classes of therapeutic candidates to treat or cure PKU, as well as unique value for proof-of-concept studies for in vivo human gene editing platforms in the context of this humanized PKU allele

Development of a porcine model of phenylketonuria with a humanized R408W mutation for gene editing

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a metabolic disorder whereby phenylalanine metabolism is deficient due to allelic variations in the gene for phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). There is no cure for PKU other than orthotopic liver transplantation, and the standard of care for patients is limited to dietary restrictions and key amino acid supplementation. Therefore, Pah was edited in pig fibroblasts for the generation of PKU clone piglets that harbor a common and severe human mutation, R408W. Additionally, the proximal region to the mutation was further humanized by introducing 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to allow for development of gene editing machinery that could be translated directly from the pig model to human PKU patients that harbor at least one classic R408W allele. Resulting piglets were hypopigmented (a single Ossabaw piglet) and had low birthweight (all piglets). The piglets had similar levels of PAH expression, but no detectable enzymatic activity, consistent with the human phenotype. The piglets were fragile and required extensive neonatal care to prevent failure to thrive and early demise. Phenylalanine levels rose sharply when dietary Phe was unrestricted but could be rapidly reduced with a low Phe diet. Fibroblasts isolated from R408W piglets show susceptibility to correction using CRISPR or TALEN, with subsequent homology-directed recombination to correct Pah. This pig model of PKU provides a powerful new tool for development of all classes of therapeutic candidates to treat or cure PKU, as well as unique value for proof-of-concept studies for in vivo human gene editing platforms in the context of this humanized PKU allele