The Politics of Water in South Asia

Disputes over water are central to the political economy of development in South Asia. This paper looks at the way that the allocation of water is mediated by different kinds of state-society relations in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan by examining common property resource management issues from three different spatial scales: international, intra-national and intra-community. By doing so, we can begin to appreciate the complexity of problems in the management of water and the likely trends throughout the region. We do this by examining the contestations over rivers, canals, dams and groundwater. The role of agricultural change in contributing to the intensification of water usage in the rural areas is emphasised. Despite some diversification into non-agricultural activities in the rural areas and limited industrialisation in the urban areas, 70-80 percent of the region’s fresh water is utilised for agriculture at the present juncture

Conservation Pricing Of Household Water Use In Public Water Systems In Georgia's Coastal Communities: A Preliminary Exploration

The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of price on residential water use in public water supply systems in Georgia's Coastal region. Particular attention is focused on measures for the elasticity of demand for residential water use inasmuch as a showing of price inelasticity may make the wider adoption of conservation pricing more palatable to small communities with concerns that raising water prices will reduce much-needed revenues.To clarify the nature and importance of the elasticity measure, consider the following simplified example. A community sells 100 units of water for $1.00 per unit. Its' total revenues are$100. Suppose price is increased by 20% to $1.20, and that the units purchased falls by 30$84.00. In this case, we say that demand is "elastic;" the quantity of water used by folks "stretches" relative to the change in price. With elastic demand, rising prices mean lower total revenues. Suppose, however, that with the 20% price increase, demand fell to only 90 units -- a 10% decrease. Total revenues are now $108. In this case we say demand is inelastic -- quantity doesn't really "stretch" much when prices rise. If demand is inelastic, rising prices means higher revenues.From our limited, phase one efforts in these regards, we use aggregate water pricing data from 50 public water supply systems in 28 coastal counties that participated in a survey conducted during late the period 2003-2005. We find strong evidence that, at the margin, residential water use is indeed affected by prices charged for water in this region. We also find what we regard to be reasonably compelling evidence suggesting that residential water demand is inelastic over the range of marginal prices observed in our sample. This latter finding suggests that the use of conservation pricing as a tool for water conservation may not have an adverse effect on community revenues. Indeed, it may well be the case that increasing water prices will increase, not decrease, the community's revenues from the sale of water.In moving to phase two of this work, a great more will be accomplished in terms of refinements in the nature and quality of data used; greater efforts will be placed on attempts to identify functional forms that will yield best estimates for residential water demand in the state. Our ultimate goal is to be capable of responding to the needs of Georgia communities in the coastal region for information related to how one might improve the design of a community's water rate structure, and to conservation pricing policies that will best serve their interests and the interests of the state. Working Paper Number 2005-00

PhD

thesisThe purpose of the work presented in this thesis has been to study under laboratory condition certain host-parasite relationships in experimental candidiasis

The Psychometric Assessment Of Job Satisfaction And Its Relation To Stress In The Workplace

The purpose of this dissertation was threefold: (a) to review the current status of the job satisfaction construct, (b) to evaluate how well modern scale development guidelines can produce a satisfaction measure that will be reliable and valid, and (c) to investigate the relationships among satisfaction, stress, and other organizational outcomes.;The first chapter contains three sections. The first is a historical review. The second focuses on measurement concerns from the review. The third section reviews the shortcomings of the literature and how some of these shortcomings might be overcome by considering job satisfaction from a psychometric perspective.;The second chapter outlines the development of a measure of job satisfaction, the Satisfaction Research Questionnaire. The development strategy, readability, reliability, and construct validity are described. An argument is presented for a classification of satisfaction based on model profiles. This classification yielded two bipolar modal profiles of scores.;The third chapter presents empirical results from two samples, a cross-Canada study and a student sample. Five content domains were tapped in this study: (a) respondent information about themselves, (b) response information about their occupations for use in monomethod multitrait comparisons, (c) the Satisfaction Research Questionnaire and another measure (the Job Descriptive Index), (d) a measure of the social desirability response bias, and (e) a measure of the Type A behaviour pattern, as a measure of stress.;The results suggested that the Satisfaction Research Questionnaire would be a viable alternative measure of satisfaction. A robust relationship between satisfaction and stress was evidenced. The differences between this research and historical results were attributed to several factors, including, (a) a modern scale construction approach, (b) the use of modal profile analysis, and (c) a multivariate conceptualization of job satisfaction

MS

thesisThe single addition of acetaldehyde to a rapidly multiplying culture of H. anomala 7 resulted in a significant increase in the synthesis of ethyl acetate. After addition of ethyl alcohol or acetate, a drop in the concentration of ester was noted. A reduction in the concentration of ethyl acetate in a rapidly growing culture of this yeast was found when sodium bisulfite, 0.001 M, was added to a medium containing acetaldehyde or ethyl alcohol. The isolation of esters from cultures of H. anomala 7 to which propionaldehyde and isopropyl, n-propyl, isobutyl, n-butyl and t-butyl alcohols were added was uniformly negative. The yeast was able to utilize the alcohols for growth. The propionaldehyde appreaed to be toxic at the concentration added. While addition if 0.008 M acetate did not increase the oxygen uptake by resting cells when in the presence of 0.2 M ethyl alcohol, its presence brought about and increase the oxygen uptake by resting cells when in the presence of 0.2 M ethyl alcohol, its presence brought about increase synthesis of ethyl acetate by resting cells of this yeast. Neither 2,4-dinitrophenol nor sodium bisulfite appeared to influence the oxygen uptake by resting cells of H. anomala 7. The data obtained using radioactive sodium acetate suggested that the majority of added acetate was rapidly oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. No measurable increase over the background count in counts per minute was observed in the ethyl acetate produced by H. anomala 7 when in the presence of labeled acetate. Isolation of cell free preparation obtained from cells of H. anomala 7 was noted. These preparations were low in enzyme activity and an increased activity could not be attained by the addition of 0.3 uM of adenosine Triphosphate or 3.0 uM of diphosphopyridine nucleotide. Acetate concentration at 0.02 M did not effect and increase in ethyl acetate synthesis with the cell free enzyme preparation

The Development of Athanasius’s Early Pneumatology

Athanasius of Alexandria wrote over seven dozen works, the majority of which contain at least one reference to the Holy Spirit. Yet, previous studies have primarily concentrated on Athanasius’s Letters to Serapion on the Holy Spirit (ca. 359–361), leaving a lacuna in our knowledge of Athanasius’s prior pneumatology. By exploring the period from Athanasius’s election as bishop (328) to the completion of the third Oration against the Arians (ca. 345), this thesis seeks to help fill this gap. Part I focuses on Athanasius’s pastoral works, including his Festal Letters and Against the Pagans-On the Incarnation. Chapter 1 considers the reasons behind Athanasius’s relative silence about the Spirit in Pagans-Incarnation. Chapters 2 and 3 explore the pneumatology of Athanasius’s pastoral works written before and after 340, respectively. This first half of the thesis argues that by the mid-330s, Athanasius had begun to establish core pneumatological perspectives that he would maintain for the rest of his career, including the belief that the Spirit is necessary for salvation. Part II examines Athanasius’s three Orations, giving particular attention to Orations 1–2 (ca. 340). This part of the thesis argues that Athanasius seems to consciously hold five main tenets about the Holy Spirit. To Athanasius, the Holy Spirit is eternal, uncreated, united to the Son, worthy of worship, and essential for salvation. These points laid the foundation for what was to come in Serapion. Together, Parts I and II challenge the perception that Athanasius’s understanding of the Holy Spirit did not develop until Serapion. Without the pneumatological perspectives that he established in the 330s and 340s, Athanasius would not have been prepared to take the next steps of confessing the Holy Spirit’s divine nature and role in creating the world