Lederutvikling i sykehus: Utvikling av ledelse eller ledelse for utvikling

Tema for denne oppgaven er lederutvikling i helsesektoren. Oppgaven bidrar med innsikt i hvordan lederutvikling for sykehusledere kan gjennomføres ved hjelp av et skreddersydd og delvis internt utviklet lederutviklingsprogram. Hensikten med oppgaven er å gi innspill til videreutvikling av lederutviklingsprogrammet som beskrives i oppgaven. Oppgavens problemstilling er på hvilken måte et internt program for lederutvikling i et norsk sykehus kan utvikles og kontinuerlig videreutvikles i forhold til de stadige endringer som finner sted i sykehuset. For å kunne besvare denne problemstillingen har jeg studert om ledere som har deltatt i det aktuelle programmet har opplevd at de har hatt nytte av programmet i sitt daglige virke som ledere, om programmet har ført til en felles forståelse av helseforetakets overordnede mål hos lederne, og om det er noe samsvar mellom programmets fokus på transformativ ledelse og ledernes fokus i eget lederskap. Studien er basert på mine erfaringer fra utviklingen og gjennomføringen av det aktuelle lederutviklingsprogrammet, på en empirisk undersøkelse av et utvalg lederes opplevelse av å ha deltatt i programmet, samt på internasjonal litteratur om ledelse og lederutvikling i sykehus. Den empiriske undersøkelsen viste at alle de intervjuede lederne opplevde å ha hatt en form for nytte av å delta. Imidlertid var det bare halvparten av lederne som opplevde å ha fått påfyll til sine lederverktøy gjennom programmet. Kun to av lederne anga at lederutviklingsprogrammet hadde hatt noe å si for deres forståelse av helseforetakets overordnede mål. Imidlertid anga de intervjuede lederne at de gjennom å delta i programmet hadde fått en økt forståelse for andre enheters arbeid. Programmet kan gjennom dette indirekte ha fremmet helhetstenkning i sykehuset. Resultatene fra intervjuene ga ingen holdepunkter for at lederutviklingsprogrammet hadde påvirket den enkelte leders orientering mot transformativ eller fagorientert ledelse. Litteraturgjennomgangen viste at utøvelse av såkalt transformativ ledelse er fordelaktig i helseinstitusjoner. Basert på dette, på resultatene av den empiriske undersøkelsen og på mine erfaringer fra utviklingen og gjennomføringen av lederutviklingsprogrammet, diskuterer jeg hvordan programmet bør videreutvikles ved at innholdet i programmet i enda større grad legger vekt på å utvikle ferdigheter i transformativ ledelse og endringsledelse

Desflurane consumption with automated vapour control systems in two different anaesthesia machines. A randomized controlled study

Background: In general anaesthesia practice a fresh gas flow (FGF) of ≥0.5 L/min is usually applied. Automated gas delivery devices are developed to reduce volatile anaesthetic consumption by limiting gas flow. This study aimed to compare desflurane consumption between automated gas control devices compared to conventional low flow anaesthesia in the Flow-I and Aisys anaesthesia machines, and to compare desflurane consumption between the two automated gas delivery devices. We hypothesised that desflurane consumption would be lower with automated gas delivery compared to conventional low flow anaesthesia, and that desflurane consumption could differ between the different gas delivery devices. Methods: We allocated 160 patients undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery into four groups, Flow-I with automated gas control, Flow-i with conventional low-flow (1 L/min), Aisys with end tidal gas control and Aisys with conventional low flow. Patients were maintained at minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) 0.7-0.8. Desflurane consumption was recorded after 9, 30 and 60 minutes of anaesthesia. Results: After 60 minutes, compared to conventional low flow anaesthesia, automated gas delivery systems reduced desflurane consumption from 25.8 to 15.2 mL for the Aisys machine (P < .001) and from 22.1 to 16.8 mL for the Flow-I (P < .001). Time to MAC 0.7 and stable FGF was shorter with Aisys endtidal control compared to Flow-I automated gas control. Conclusion: Under clinical conditions, we found a reduction in desflurane consumption when using automated gas delivery devices compared to conventional low flow anaesthesia. Both devices were reliable in use

Comparison of three point-of-care testing devices to detect hemostatic changes in adult elective cardiac surgery: A prospective observational study

Background: Bleeding complications in cardiac surgery may lead to increased morbidity and mortality. Traditional blood coagulation tests are not always suitable to detect rapid changes in the patient's coagulation status. Point-of-care instruments such as the TEG (thromboelastograph) and RoTEM (thromboelastometer) have been shown to be useful as a guide for the clinician in the choice of blood products and they may lead to a reduction in the need for blood transfusion, contributing to better patient blood management. Methods: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of the TEG, RoTEM and Sonoclot instruments to detect changes in hemostasis in elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and to investigate possible correlations between variables from these three instruments and routine hematological coagulation tests. Blood samples from thirty-five adult patients were drawn before and after surgery and analyzed in TEG, RoTEM, Sonoclot and routine coagulation tests. Data were compared using repeated measures analysis of variance and Pearson's test for linear correlation. Results: We found significant changes for all TEG variables after surgery, for three of the RoTEM variables, and for one variable from the Sonoclot. There were significant correlations postoperatively between plasma fibrinogen levels and variables from the three instruments. Conclusions: TEG and RoTEM may be used to detect changes in hemostasis following cardiac surgery with CPB. Sonoclot seems to be less suitable to detect such changes. Variables from the three instruments correlated with plasma fibrinogen and could be used to monitor treatment with fibrinogen concentrate

Randomized clinical trial of topical tranexamic acid after reduction mammoplasty

Background The antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid is currently being rediscovered for both trauma and major surgery. Intravenous administration reduces the need for blood transfusion and blood loss by about one-third, but routine administration in surgery is not yet advocated owing to concerns regarding thromboembolic events. The aim of this study was to investigate whether topical application of tranexamic acid to a wound surface reduces postoperative bleeding. Methods This was a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial on 30 consecutive women undergoing bilateral reduction mammoplasty. On one side the wound surfaces were moistened with 25 mg/ml tranexamic acid before closure, and placebo (saline) was used on the other side. Drain fluid production was measured for 24 h after surgery, and pain was measured after 3 and 24 h. Postoperative complications including infection, seroma, rebleeding and suture reactions were recorded. Results Topical application of tranexamic acid to the wound surface after reduction mammoplasty reduced drain fluid production by 39 per cent (median 12·5 (range 0–44) versus 20·5 (0–100) ml; P = 0·038). Adverse effects were not observed. There were no significant differences in postoperative pain scores or complications. Conclusion Topical application of dilute tranexamic acid reduced bleeding in this model. The study adds to the evidence that this simple procedure may reduce wound bleeding after surgery. Registration number: NCT01964781 ( http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)

A Preoperative Multimarker Approach to Evaluate Acute Kidney Injury After Cardiac Surgery.

Objective To investigate whether a multimarker strategy combining preoperative biomarkers representing distinct pathophysiologic pathways enhances preoperative risk assessment of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery (CSA-AKI) and increases knowledge of underlying pathogenesis. Design Prospective, cohort study. Setting Single-center tertiary referral hospital. Participants The study comprised 1,015 adults undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Interventions CSA-AKI was defined as≥50% increase in serum creatinine concentration, absolute increase≥26 µmol/L, or new requirement for dialysis. Preoperative and perioperative information until hospital discharge was recorded. Preoperative plasma levels of C-reactive protein, terminal complement complex, neopterin, lactoferrin, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, and cystatin C were determined using enzyme immunoassays. Biomarkers were selected based on causal hypotheses of underlying mechanisms and were related to inflammatory, hemodynamic, or renal signaling pathways. Measurements and Main Results One hundred patients (9.9%) developed CSA-AKI. Higher baseline plasma concentrations of neopterin and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide were associated independently with CSA-AKI (p = 0.04 and p<0.001, respectively). Lower baseline plasma lactoferrin concentrations were observed in patients with CSA-AKI (p = 0.05). Compared with clinical risk assessment, addition of these biomarkers provided a slight, but significant, increment in predictive utility (area under the curve 0.81-0.83, likelihood ratio test p<0.001). A net of 12% of patients were reclassified correctly, and improved prediction was demonstrated, especially in patients with intermediate risk (56% correct reclassification). Conclusions Preoperative hemodynamic, renal, and immunologic function play central roles in the pathogenesis of CSA-AKI. These findings add evidence to the potential of a multimarker approach to improve preoperative prediction of CSA-AKI

A Preoperative Multimarker Approach to Evaluate Acute Kidney Injury After Cardiac Surgery.

Objective To investigate whether a multimarker strategy combining preoperative biomarkers representing distinct pathophysiologic pathways enhances preoperative risk assessment of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery (CSA-AKI) and increases knowledge of underlying pathogenesis. Design Prospective, cohort study. Setting Single-center tertiary referral hospital. Participants The study comprised 1,015 adults undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Interventions CSA-AKI was defined as≥50% increase in serum creatinine concentration, absolute increase≥26 µmol/L, or new requirement for dialysis. Preoperative and perioperative information until hospital discharge was recorded. Preoperative plasma levels of C-reactive protein, terminal complement complex, neopterin, lactoferrin, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, and cystatin C were determined using enzyme immunoassays. Biomarkers were selected based on causal hypotheses of underlying mechanisms and were related to inflammatory, hemodynamic, or renal signaling pathways. Measurements and Main Results One hundred patients (9.9%) developed CSA-AKI. Higher baseline plasma concentrations of neopterin and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide were associated independently with CSA-AKI (p = 0.04 and p<0.001, respectively). Lower baseline plasma lactoferrin concentrations were observed in patients with CSA-AKI (p = 0.05). Compared with clinical risk assessment, addition of these biomarkers provided a slight, but significant, increment in predictive utility (area under the curve 0.81-0.83, likelihood ratio test p<0.001). A net of 12% of patients were reclassified correctly, and improved prediction was demonstrated, especially in patients with intermediate risk (56% correct reclassification). Conclusions Preoperative hemodynamic, renal, and immunologic function play central roles in the pathogenesis of CSA-AKI. These findings add evidence to the potential of a multimarker approach to improve preoperative prediction of CSA-AKI.acceptedVersion© 2016 WB Saunders. This is the authors’ accepted and refereed manuscript to the article

Serum Concentrations and Pharmacokinetics of Tranexamic Acid after Two Means of Topical Administration in Massive Weight Loss Skin-Reducing Surgery

Background: Topical administration of tranexamic acid to reduce bleeding is receiving increasing attention, as it is inexpensive, simple, and possibly beneficial in most surgery. Concerns regarding potential systemic adverse effects such as thromboembolic events and seizures may prevent general use of tranexamic acid. Although serum concentrations after topical application are assumed to be low, proper pharmacokinetic studies of tranexamic acid after topical application are lacking. Methods: The authors have investigated systemic absorption of tranexamic acid after two means of topical administration in patients undergoing abdominoplasty after massive weight loss: a bolus of 200 ml of 5 mg/ml into the wound cavity versus moistening the wound surface with 20 ml of 25 mg/ml. Twelve patients were recruited in each group. Serum concentrations achieved were compared with those after administration of 1 g as an intravenous bolus to arthroplasty patients. Serial blood samples for tranexamic acid analysis were obtained for up to 24 hours. Results: After intravenous administration, the peak serum concentration was 66.1 ± 13.0 µg/ml after 6 ± 2 minutes. Peak serum concentration after topical moistening was 5.2 ± 2.6 µg/ml after 80 ± 33 minutes, and in the topical bolus group, it was 4.9 ± 1.8 µg/ml after 359 ± 70 minutes. Topical moistening resulted in homogenous and predictable absorption across the individuals included, whereas topical bolus administration caused variable and unpredictable serum concentrations. Conclusion: Topical administration of tranexamic acid in patients undergoing abdominoplasty results in low serum concentrations, which are highly unlikely to cause systemic effects

Topical moistening of mastectomy wounds with diluted tranexamic acid to reduce bleeding: randomized clinical trial

Background: Topical administration of tranexamic acid (TXA) may be an alternative to intravenous administration to reduce bleeding with a lower risk of systemic adverse events. The aim of this study was to investigate whether moistening a surgical wound with TXA before closure, leaving a thin film of drug only, would reduce postoperative bleeding. Methods: This was a two‐centre, stratified, parallel‐group, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind RCT. Patients undergoing mastectomy with or without axillary lymph node clearance were randomized 1 : 1 to moistening of wound surface before closure with either 25 mg/ml TXA or 0·9 per cent sodium chloride (placebo). The primary endpoint was postoperative bleeding as measured by drain production in the first 24 h. Secondary endpoints were early haematoma, total drain production, postoperative complications and late aspirations of seroma within 3 months. Results: Between 1 January 2016 and 31 August 2018, 208 patients were randomized. Two patients were converted to a different surgical procedure at surgery, and four did not receive the intervention owing to technical error. Thus, 202 patients were included in the study (101 in the TXA and 101 in the placebo group). TXA reduced mean drain production at 24 h (110 versus 144 ml; mean difference 34 (95 per cent c.i. 8 to 60) ml, P = 0·011). One patient in the TXA group had early haematoma compared with seven in the placebo group (odds ratio (OR) 0·13 (95 per cent c.i. 0·02 to 1·07); P = 0·057). There was no significant difference in postoperative complications between TXA and placebo (13 versus 10; OR 1·11 (0·45 to 2·73), P = 0·824) or need for late seroma aspirations (79 versus 67 per cent; OR 1·83 (0·91 to 3·68), P = 0·089). Conclusion Moistening the wound with TXA 25 mg/ml before closure reduces postoperative bleeding within the first 24 h in patients undergoing mastectomy. Registration number: NCT02627560 (https://clinicaltrials.gov)