Angiography and Endovascular Therapy for Below-the-Knee Artery Disease

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is growing in global prevalence and is associated with high rates of limb loss and mortality. “Endovascular-first” approach is considered to be the current standard care for symptomatic infrainguinal atherosclerotic disease. Given the facts that many CLI patients have severe comorbidities and endovascular-first approach is a common practice and may reduce the magnitude of the surgical trauma and systemic complications. In this chapter, updated angiographic approach for below-the-knee disease is described with endovascular technique

Developmental maturation of astrocytes and pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders

Recent studies have implicated potentially significant roles for astrocytes in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. Astrocytes undergo a dramatic maturation process following early differentiation from which typical morphology and important functions are acquired. Despite significant progress in understanding their early differentiation, very little is known about how astrocytes become functionally mature. In addition, whether functional maturation of astrocytes is disrupted in neurodevelopmental disorders and the consequences of this disruption remains essentially unknown. In this review, we discuss our perspectives about how astrocyte developmental maturation is regulated, and how disruption of the astrocyte functional maturation process, especially alterations in their ability to regulate glutamate homeostasis, may alter synaptic physiology and contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders

Subsynchronous Shaft Vibration in an Integrally Geared Expander-Compressor due to Vortex Flow in an Expander

Lectur

Improvement of Touch Sensitivity by Pressing

Non