Contribuciones al estudio del asoleo geométrico. Procedimientos para el cálculo del factor de obstrucción solar. Aplicaciones

El factor se define como la relación entre la duración del intervalo en que un punto está en sombra respecto de la duración total del periodo estudiado, en que podría recibir la radiación solar, si no tuviera objetos a su alrededor que arrojen sombra sobre aquel. Dicho valor escalar genera un campo sobre las superficies expuestas al Sol, de tal modo que puede adquirir un valor comprendido entre O y 1. La evaluación de dicho factor por los métodos que proveen las cartas solares obliga a hacer el estudio pormenorizado para cada uno de los puntos a estudiar, sin permitir el estudio de la variación del factor de obstrucción de un modo masivo, o extendido a un área concreta. El objetivo del presente estudio es la obtención de resultados de carácter gráfico que permitan conocer la distribución del valor del factor de obstrucción sobre un todos y cada uno de los puntos del entorno analizado y válido para todo el periodo anual; haciendo posible de este modo su aplicación como herramienta en la toma de decisiones necesaria en los proyectos de tipo arquitectónico y urbanístico. Se propone un método gráfico basado en procedimientos informáticos. El procedimiento está basado en el análisis del valor de gris contenido en los pixeles de las imágenes promedio del periodo anual. La frecuencia con que un pixel concreto aparece en la imagen de color negro (en sombra), o blanco (expuesto a la luz solar) permite calcular un valor de gris como media aritmética, que produce una imagen global, como resultado gráfico, de la cual puede extraerse el resultado numérico del factor de obstrucción correspondiente a cada pixel. A continuación se propone la aplicación sistemática del procedimiento a distintos modelos de interés arquitectónico y urbanístico. Estos son: Estudio de modelos geométricos. Estudio de detalles arquitectónicos. Estudio de elementos de mobiliario urbano. - Aplicaciones al planeamiento urbanístico. - Aplicaciones al análisis del territorio.Higón Calvet, JL. (2004). Contribuciones al estudio del asoleo geométrico. Procedimientos para el cálculo del factor de obstrucción solar. Aplicaciones [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/2343Palanci

THE PUERTO RICO TOWER, CAMPECHE. STUDY OF A UNIQUE CASE IN MAYAN ARCHITECTURE

[EN] One of the most outstanding aspects of Mayan culture is its remarkable progress in the subject of astronomy. According to very recent research, astronomical knowledge of the Mayans can be confirmed on the inscriptions of sculptural monuments, codices and some buildings dedicated to this purpose. The cylindrical tower of Puerto Rico, Campeche, the only one of its type documented in the Yucatan peninsular, has been related with phenomena of astronomical commemoration. During the month of June 2010, a scientific expedition took place to the site with the aim of updating available information about the monument and carrying out preliminary studies regarding its valuation. Methodology used for the analysis consists basically of searching for data and information, via direct and indirect sources, as well as determining its state of preservation from direct observation. The information thus obtained regarding the building allows us to interpret it from an astronomical point of view. The study of this singular monument enables us to identify its characteristics, unique within the Mayan area, and to discover it as a genuine product of constructive technology inherent in this important culture. By means of cultural diffusion, the aim is to promote interventions of recovery in order to bring a stop to its deterioration and allow for future preservation.[ES] Uno de los aspectos más sobresalientes de la cultura Maya es su notable avance en materia de astronomía. Según las investigaciones más recientes, los conocimientos astronómicos de los mayas se pueden constatar en las inscripciones de los monumentos escultóricos, en los códices y en algunas edificaciones destinadas a este fin. La torre cilíndrica de Puerto Rico, Campeche, única en su tipo documentada en la Península de Yucatán, ha sido relacionada con fenómenos de conmemoración astronómica. Durante el mes de junio de 2010 se ha realizado una expedición científica al sitio con la finalidad de actualizar la información disponible del monumento y realizar estudios previos de cara a su puesta en valor. La metodología empleada para el análisis consiste básicamente en la búsqueda de datos e información, mediante fuentes directas e indirectas, así como en determinar su estado de conservación desde la observación directa. La información así obtenida sobre el edificio permite una interpretación del mismo desde un punto de vista astronómico. El estudio de este singular monumento permite identificar sus características únicas en el área Maya y descubrirlo como un producto genuino de la tecnología constructiva propia de esta importante cultura. Por medio de la difusión cultural se pretende promover actuaciones de rescate que detengan su deterioro y permitan su conservación de cara al futuro.Higón Calvet, JL.; May Castillo, M. (2012). LA TORRE DE PUERTO RICO, CAMPECHE. ESTUDIO DE UN CASO ÚNICO EN LA ARQUITECTURA MAYA. EGA. Revista de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica. 16(18):130-149. doi:10.4995/ega.2011.1086SWORD130149161

Passive energy saving strategies in vernacular architecture: parameterization of resources applied to a case study

[EN] There are numerous passive strategies for reducing energy consumption in Spanish traditional vernacular architecture, depending on external conditions and also on the intended use of the interior of these constructions. In the case study analyzed, localized in an interior area of Spain, known as La Mancha, a set of vernacular buildings have been studied. Solar protection and solar gain, for example, are the key resources related to solar control. While cross ventilation, self-ventilation, or induced ventilation are related to the energy efficiency of the airflow. Other mechanisms identified are, for example, thermal insulation and thermal inertia of the materials. All these K-factors have been checked and parameterized in order to understand these vernacular strategies. Finally, thanks to a comparison of such resources, the study achieved a set of criteria for the use of these solutions in contemporary local architecture.The authors would like to thank the European Union framework 7th program for making this work possible via the LIMA project as well as to the following fellowships: The R&D FPI-UPV (P.A.I.D. program of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia) and the FPU by the Spanish Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte.Cristini ., V.; Ruiz Checa, JR.; Higón Calvet, JL.; Palmero Iglesias, LM. (2015). Passive energy saving strategies in vernacular architecture: parameterization of resources applied to a case study. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment (Online). 153:287-297. https://doi.org/10.2495/STR150241S28729715

Modeling, Simulation, and Temperature Control of a Thermal Zone with Sliding Modes Strategy

[EN] To reduce the energy consumption in buildings is necessary to analyze individual rooms and thermal zones, studying mathematical models and applying new control techniques. In this paper, the design, simulation and experimental evaluation of a sliding mode controller for regulating internal temperature in a thermal zone is presented. We propose an experiment with small physical dimensions, consisting of a closed wooden box with heat internal sources to stimulate temperature gradients through operating and shut down cycles.This investigation was supported by national doctoral program of the Colombian Administrative Department of Science Technology and Innovation (Colciencias), and the agreement "Analysis of the properties, applications and market opportunities of G-cover Coatings" closed between the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (Spain) and the Mexican company G-cover.Florez, F.; Fernández De Córdoba, P.; Higón Calvet, JL.; Olivar, G.; Taborda, J. (2019). Modeling, Simulation, and Temperature Control of a Thermal Zone with Sliding Modes Strategy. Mathematics. 7(6):1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/math7060503S11376Delgarm, N., Sajadi, B., & Delgarm, S. (2016). Multi-objective optimization of building energy performance and indoor thermal comfort: A new method using artificial bee colony (ABC). Energy and Buildings, 131, 42-53. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.09.003Gorni, D., Castilla, M. del M., & Visioli, A. (2016). An efficient modelling for temperature control of residential buildings. Building and Environment, 103, 86-98. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.03.016Fazenda, P., Lima, P., & Carreira, P. (2016). Context-based thermodynamic modeling of buildings spaces. Energy and Buildings, 124, 164-177. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.04.068Bacher, P., & Madsen, H. (2011). Identifying suitable models for the heat dynamics of buildings. Energy and Buildings, 43(7), 1511-1522. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.02.005Ryzhov, A., Ouerdane, H., Gryazina, E., Bischi, A., & Turitsyn, K. (2019). Model predictive control of indoor microclimate: Existing building stock comfort improvement. Energy Conversion and Management, 179, 219-228. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2018.10.046Fiorentini, M., Wall, J., Ma, Z., Braslavsky, J. H., & Cooper, P. (2017). Hybrid model predictive control of a residential HVAC system with on-site thermal energy generation and storage. Applied Energy, 187, 465-479. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.11.041Massa Gray, F., & Schmidt, M. (2016). Thermal building modelling using Gaussian processes. Energy and Buildings, 119, 119-128. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.02.004Ascione, F., Bianco, N., De Stasio, C., Mauro, G. M., & Vanoli, G. P. (2016). Simulation-based model predictive control by the multi-objective optimization of building energy performance and thermal comfort. Energy and Buildings, 111, 131-144. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.11.033Acosta, A., González, A. I., Zamarreño, J. M., & Álvarez, V. (2016). Energy savings and guaranteed thermal comfort in hotel rooms through nonlinear model predictive controllers. Energy and Buildings, 129, 59-68. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.07.061Afram, A., & Janabi-Sharifi, F. (2014). Theory and applications of HVAC control systems – A review of model predictive control (MPC). Building and Environment, 72, 343-355. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.11.016Nagarathinam, S., Doddi, H., Vasan, A., Sarangan, V., Venkata Ramakrishna, P., & Sivasubramaniam, A. (2017). Energy efficient thermal comfort in open-plan office buildings. Energy and Buildings, 139, 476-486. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.01.043Smarra, F., Jain, A., de Rubeis, T., Ambrosini, D., D’Innocenzo, A., & Mangharam, R. (2018). Data-driven model predictive control using random forests for building energy optimization and climate control. Applied Energy, 226, 1252-1272. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.126Killian, M., Mayer, B., & Kozek, M. (2016). Cooperative fuzzy model predictive control for heating and cooling of buildings. Energy and Buildings, 112, 130-140. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.12.017Brastein, O. M., Perera, D. W. U., Pfeifer, C., & Skeie, N.-O. (2018). Parameter estimation for grey-box models of building thermal behaviour. Energy and Buildings, 169, 58-68. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.03.057Lirola, J. M., Castañeda, E., Lauret, B., & Khayet, M. (2017). A review on experimental research using scale models for buildings: Application and methodologies. Energy and Buildings, 142, 72-110. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.02.060Coutinho, C. P., Baptista, A. J., & Dias Rodrigues, J. (2016). Reduced scale models based on similitude theory: A review up to 2015. Engineering Structures, 119, 81-94. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.04.016Chew, L. W., Glicksman, L. R., & Norford, L. K. (2018). Buoyant flows in street canyons: Comparison of RANS and LES at reduced and full scales. Building and Environment, 146, 77-87. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.09.026Chen, S.-Y., & Gong, S.-S. (2017). Speed tracking control of pneumatic motor servo systems using observation-based adaptive dynamic sliding-mode control. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 94, 111-128. doi:10.1016/j.ymssp.2017.02.025Huang, Y., Khajepour, A., Ding, H., Bagheri, F., & Bahrami, M. (2017). An energy-saving set-point optimizer with a sliding mode controller for automotive air-conditioning/refrigeration systems. Applied Energy, 188, 576-585. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.033Mironova, A., Mercorelli, P., & Zedler, A. (2016). Robust Control using Sliding Mode Approach for Ice-Clamping Device activated by Thermoelectric Coolers. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 49(25), 470-475. doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.12.067Norton, M., Khoo, S., Kouzani, A., & Stojcevski, A. (2015). Adaptive fuzzy multi‐surface sliding control of multiple‐input and multiple‐output autonomous flight systems. IET Control Theory & Applications, 9(4), 587-597. doi:10.1049/iet-cta.2014.0209Fux, S. F., Ashouri, A., Benz, M. J., & Guzzella, L. (2014). EKF based self-adaptive thermal model for a passive house. Energy and Buildings, 68, 811-817. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.06.01

Experiencing Augmented Reality as an Accessibility Resource in the UNESCO Heritage Site called "La Lonja", Valencia

This paper presents the design of an augmented reality application for the Gothic Silk Market Building called the "Lonja de la Seda" in Valencia (UNESCO Monument Heritage Site, 1996) and the results of the experiments carried out "in-situ" to observe its usability as an accessibility resource. The objective of this project has been to use and validate augmented reality (AR) as a tool to increase the accessibility to the architectural elements of this monumental setting. The AR application aims to resolve the perception issues derived from poor lighting, the distance in relation to the multiple details, access, etc. 145 individuals of different ages and diverse origin, making the visit to the monument with or without guide used the AR application. When visitors had used the application as they wished, interviews were conducted individually in order to receive their feedback about the AR experience. Users enjoyed identifying and selecting the motifs they were going to visualize with the AR tool. In general, the experience was very positively evaluated by participants, promoting a favourable and renewed image of the monument.This project has been carried out in collaboration between the Department of Architectural Graphic Expresion and Labhuman Institute at the Universitat Politècnica de València funded by the Research Program PAID0511 "Nuevas Aplicaciones de las Tecnologías Gráficas para la Mejora de la Sostenibilidad, el Conocimiento y la Accesibilidad al Patrimonio” (Ref. 2786). Besides, the Spanish Ministry Economy and Competitiveness partially supported this work (Project ref. TIN2010-21296-C02-01). It is also necessary to be grateful to the Town Hall of Valencia which has allowed us to carry out the experience in this protected building.Puyuelo Cazorla, M.; Higón Calvet, JL.; Merino Sanjuan, L.; Contero, M. (2013). Experiencing Augmented Reality as an Accessibility Resource in the UNESCO Heritage Site called "La Lonja", Valencia. Elsevier. 25:171-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.11.021S1711782

FROM THE REPRESENTATION TO THE EXPERIENCE. Augmented Reality for the interpretation of the monument heritage in “La Lonja” of Valencia

[EN] The technology employed in virtual graphic representation is in full expansion by means of numerous emerging applications among which we highlight Augmented Reality. Diverse factors converge in this process: the graphic supports, the perceptive experiences or the nature of the devices for their interaction with people. The research 1 project prepared for the Gothic-style Silk Market Building called the “Lonja de los Mercaderes” in Valencia (UNESCO Monument Heritage Site, 1996) has developed the design of an Augmented Reality application with the aim to observe and validate its usability as an accessibility resource to diverse contents of this monumental building complex. The “in situ” experiences have made it possible to record relevant aspects about their contribution in a real context such as: the need to simplify the means to promote the accessibility and autonomy of the user, or the design role of the marks as interaction supports (interface) with the virtual models[ES] La tecnología al servicio de la representación gráfica virtual está en plena expansión a través de múltiples aplicaciones emergentes entre las que destaca la Realidad Aumentada. En ésta convergen factores diversos: los soportes gráficos, las experiencias perceptivas o la naturaleza de los dispositivos para su interacción con las personas.El proyecto 1 de investigación realizado para el edificio gótico de la Lonja de los Mercaderes en Valencia (patrimonio de la humanidad UNESCO, 1996)ha desarrollado el diseño de una aplicación de Realidad Aumentada con el objetivo de observar y validar su empleo como recurso de accesibilidad a distintos contenidos de este enclave monumental.Las experiencias “in situ” han permitido constatar aspectos relevantes sobresu aportación en el contexto real como: la necesidad de simplificar los medios para favorecer la accesibilidad y autonomía del usuario o, el rol del diseño de las marcas como soportes de la interacción con los modelos virtualesEste proyecto ha sido realizado por el Departamento de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica de la Universitat Politècnica de València en colaboración con Labhuman, financiado por el Programa de Investigación PAID0511 (Ref. 2786). Asimismo, agradecemos al Ayuntamiento de Valencia haber facilitado estas experiencias en este Monumento.Puyuelo Cazorla, M.; Val Fiel, M.; Higón Calvet, JL.; Merino Sanjuan, L. (2015). De la representación a la experiencia. Realidad Aumentada para la interpretación del patrimonio monumental de la Lonja de Valencia. EGA. Revista de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica. 20(26):180-189. https://doi.org/10.4995/ega.2015.4051SWORD180189202

A system to monitor and model the thermal isolation of coating compounds applied to closed spaces

[EN] Smart control systems and new technologies are necessary to reduce the energy consumption in buildings while achieving thermal comfort. In this work, we monitor the thermal evolution inside a scale reduced closed space whose exterior and/or interior wall faces have been painted with a coating solution. Based on the experimental data obtained under different environmental conditions, a simulator was developed and tuned to reproduce the thermodynamic behavior inside the spaces, with a relative error of less than 3.5%. This simulator lets us also estimate energy savings, temperature, and flux behavior under other conditions.This research was supported by the National Doctoral Program of the Colombian Administrative Department of Science Technology and Innovation (Colciencias).Florez Montes, F.; Fernández De Córdoba, P.; Higón Calvet, JL.; Conejero, JA.; Poza-Lujan, J. (2020). A system to monitor and model the thermal isolation of coating compounds applied to closed spaces. Thermal Science. 24(3A):1885-1892. https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI190525077MS18851892243

Passive Strategies to Improve the Comfort Conditions in a Geodesic Dome

[EN] Non-conventional thermal zones are low-cost and ecology friendly alternatives to the housing needs of populations in various situations, such as surviving natural disasters or addressing homelessness. However, it is necessary to guarantee thermal comfort for occupants, while aiming to minimize energy consumption and wastage in refrigeration systems. To reduce the cooling requirements in non-conventional thermal zones it is necessary to model the structure and analyze the principal factors contributing to internal temperature. In this paper, a geodesic dome is modellingusing the lumped parameter technique. This structure is composed of a wooden skeleton and wooden floor, with a canvas surface as its exterior. The mathematical model was tuned using experimental data, and its parameters were classified using Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis. The mathematical model was used to evaluate the impact on internal temperature and occupants' comfort when two strategies are considered. The results obtained indicatee internal temperature reductions down to a range of 7% to 11%; this result is reflected directly in the energy used to refrigerate the thermal zone, contributing to the objective of providing houses with lower energy consumption.This work was supported by RTI2018-102256-B-I00 of MINECO/FEDER.Florez, F.; Fernández De Córdoba, P.; Taborda, J.; Castro-Palacio, JC.; Higón Calvet, JL.; Pérez Quiles, MJ. (2021). Passive Strategies to Improve the Comfort Conditions in a Geodesic Dome. Mathematics. 9(6):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/math90606631159

Mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of heat dissipation In LED bulbs

[EN] We present a detailed study of heating and cooling processes in LED luminaires with passive heat sinks. Our analysis is supported by numerical simulations as well as experimental measurements, carried on commercial systems used for outdoor lighting. We have focused our analysis on the common case of a single LED source in thermal contact with an aluminum passive heat sink, obtaining an excellent agreement with experimental measurements and the numerical simulations performed. Our results can be easily expanded, without loss of generality, to similar systems.D. A. acknowledges SENESCYT for financial support (Convocatoria Abierta 2015 para cursar estudios de doctorado). HM thanks funding from projects K133131H64102 and K044131H64502 Xunta de Galicia.P.F.C. and J.M.I. acknoweldges funding from grant MEC, grant RTI2018-102256-B-100 (Spain)Alarcon, D.; Balvis, E.; Bendaña, R.; Conejero, JA.; Fernández De Córdoba, P.; Higón Calvet, JL.; Isidro, J.... (2020). Mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of heat dissipation In LED bulbs. Thermal Science. 24(3A):1877-1884. https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI190521076AS18771884243

Análisis gráfico del entorno paisajístico del Sanatorio de San Francisco de Borja de Fontilles

[ES] San Francisco de Borja s Sanatorium of Fon-tilles was founded in 1905 for the treatment of leprosy. In its current configuration, the Sanatorium consists of a set of 29 buildings from different ages and styles. This large heritage has been promoted to join the International Coalition of Historic Sites of Exclusion and Resistance project, and aims to declare it as Heritage Site by UNESCO. The graphical analysis allows the definition of the set and the characterization of landscape, as a previous step to the formulation of a Landscape Program that articulates the set of measures and actions in order to preserve, improve and enhance the outstanding quality of the set.Higón Calvet, JL.; Llopis Verdú, J.; Pérez Igualada, J.; Cabezos Bernal, PM.; Martínez Piqueras, JF.; Cabodevilla Artieda, I. (2016). Análisis gráfico del entorno paisajístico del Sanatorio de San Francisco de Borja de Fontilles. Fundación General de la Universidad de Alcalá. 997-1006. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/179967S997100