Histochemical studies of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes in the human intestinal tumors

The distribution and activities of five hydrolytic and eight oxidative enzymes were histochemically studied in 60 different tumors of the human intestines. Benign polyp showed similar activities of most enzymes as those in normal crypt cells of large intestine with exception of higher activity of succinic dehydrogenase in benign polyp than in crypt cells. Malignant polyp had higher activities of most oxidative enzymes. Reticulo-sarcoma had weak activities of all enzymes. Carcinoid had strong activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and isocitric dehydrogenase while very weak of succinic dehydrogenase. Carcinoma showed varying degrees of the activity of all enzymes. Alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase were almost negative in all cells but in the stromal elements their weak activities were sporadically observed. Most enzymes were decreased in the central area of the carcinoma cell nestle, while in the infiltrating area or in the margin of cell nestle they were not decreased and sometimes increased.</p

A histochemical study of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes in an eosinophilic granuloma of parotid gland region

We experienced a case of eosinophilic granuloma in soft tissue, and demonstrated its patterns of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes histochemically. Neutrophils were rich in acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Eosinophils had much acid phosphatase and less other hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes. Lymphocytes showed weak reaction in all enzymes. Lymph follicles and histiocytes or fibrocytes had moderately oxidative enzymes. Small blood vessels and collagen fibers were rich in alkaline phosphatase and had a moderate amount of oxidative enzymes and acid phosphatase.</p

Histochemical studies on enzyme activities of gastric carcinoma. II. Dehydrogenases

With gastric carcinomas the activities of eight dehydrogenases; succmlC, lactic, malic, &#945; glycerophosphate, glutamic, &#946;-hydroxybutyric, glucose-6-phosphate and isocitric dehydrogenase were statistically estimated. Principal findings may be briefly summarized as follows. These enzymatic activities differed considerably even in the same classification of carcinomas and generally ranged from strong to weak in the following order: lactic, malic, glucose-6-phosphate, isocitric, succinic, &#945;-glycerophosphate, glutamic and &#946;-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase. The activities of adenocarcinomas were stronger than those in simple ones, and these were not related appreciably to cell differentiation in adenocarcinomas except succinic, glutamic, glucose-6-phosphate and isocitric dehydrogenase. As for succinic dehydrogenase and NAD-linked dehydrogenases except for lactic dehydrogenase, the activities were strongest in intestinal metaplasia and early mucosal carcinomas, the next being in benign adenomatous polyps and weakest in the other carcinomas. As for NADP-linked dehydrogenases and lactic dehydronase, the activities were also strongest in intestinal metaplasia and early carcinomas, the second in the other carcinomas and the third in the benign polyps. Generally, these dehydrogenase activities were strongest in free carcinoma cells in blood and lymph vessels and in actively growing part of several carcinomas and weakest in the central area of tumors, especially almost negative in the central necrotic area.</p

Histochemical studies on enzyme activities of gastric carcinoma. I. Hydrolytic enzymes

The activities of five hydrolytic enzymes, alkaline and acid phosphataSe, beta-esterase, leucine aminopeptidase and beta-glucuronidase, of human gastric carcinomas from 180 patients were investigated histochemically. Alkaline phosphatase activity was almost negative in the carcinoma but was weakly positive in this tumor at times (about 10 to 20 per cent). Acid phosphatase activity which displayed a slightly increasing tendency of the reaction in poorly differentiated tumor was variegated and mainly from feeble to moderate in activity. Beta-esterase reaction was in varying degrees with each case, but more malignant the carcinomas, the weaker was the activity. Leucine aminopeptidase was positive in about 30 to 60 per cent of the specimens observed but the reaction was founded to be localized often in some areas and generally similar to alkaline phosphatase reaction. The activities of leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and beta-esterase were positive at a higher rate in mucinous carcinomas than in non-mucin producing one. Beta-glucuronidase activity was slight or moderate in general but rather strong in the early stage of carcinomas.</p

A histochemical study on hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes in human sarcomas

Histochemical evaluations of human sarcomas such as reticulum cell sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, lymphosarcoma and neurofibrosarcoma, were carried out with five hydrolytic enzymes and eight oxidative enzymes. The activities of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase were slightly positive in the neoplastic cells observed. Beta-esterase activity was also positive but varied according to the kind of sarcomas. Alkaline phosphatase activity was faint or negative in sarcoma cells, though positive in capillary walls. Leucine aminopeptidase activity was negative giving not any appreciable coloration of the cell as far as the method employed is concerned. Among the activities of dehydrogenases, the most intense activity was observed in lactic dehydrogenase. The activities of succinic and beta-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenases were slight. The activities of alpha-glycerophosphate, glutamic and betahydroxybutyric dehydrogenases were faint or slight. The activities of NADPlinked dehydrogenases, glucose-6-phosphate and isocitric dehydrogenase were all faint or slight in these sarcoma cells.</p

How to evaluate science problem solving in a computerized learning environment? Construction of an analyzing scheme

Περιέχει το πλήρες κείμενοThis paper describes the construction of a ‘computerized science problem solving’ scheme, which enables analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of science problem-solving by junior high-school students working in a computerized learning environment. The scheme was based on observations of 187 students as they solved qualitative science problems taken from a specific computerized learning environment. Students were also interviewed before and after the problem solving. The scheme is presented on two levels. The large-scale comprises 11 main categories, each sub-divided into sub-categories to yield the detailed-level. The sub-categories were based on a repertoire of activities found in the observation protocols, and were approved by external judgement and a validation process. The detailed-level scheme enables evaluation and statistical analysis of the participants' problem-solving effectiveness, providing substantial evidence for the construct validity of the scheme, and demonstrating its potential as a valid analyzing and evaluative tool for computerized science problem solving