Empirical Study of Easy and Hard Examples in CNN Training

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) generalize well despite their massive size and capability of memorizing all examples. There is a hypothesis that DNNs start learning from simple patterns and the hypothesis is based on the existence of examples that are consistently well-classified at the early training stage (i.e., easy examples) and examples misclassified (i.e., hard examples). Easy examples are the evidence that DNNs start learning from specific patterns and there is a consistent learning process. It is important to know how DNNs learn patterns and obtain generalization ability, however, properties of easy and hard examples are not thoroughly investigated (e.g., contributions to generalization and visual appearances). In this work, we study the similarities of easy and hard examples respectively for different Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures, assessing how those examples contribute to generalization. Our results show that easy examples are visually similar to each other and hard examples are visually diverse, and both examples are largely shared across different CNN architectures. Moreover, while hard examples tend to contribute more to generalization than easy examples, removing a large number of easy examples leads to poor generalization. By analyzing those results, we hypothesize that biases in a dataset and Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) are the reasons why CNNs have consistent easy and hard examples. Furthermore, we show that large scale classification datasets can be efficiently compressed by using easiness proposed in this work.Comment: Accepted to ICONIP 201

肺癌同所移植モデルマウスの経時的評価における小動物用呼吸同期PET/CTの有用性

Our aim in this study was to clarify the effects of respiratory-gated PET in the evaluation of lung cancer according to the 18F-FDG uptake in an orthotopic transplantation mouse model. We created such a model, and we performed PET/CT. The mice were divided into two groups according to tumor volume: a small-tumor group (20 mm3). We reconstructed the following conditions based on list-mode data: non-gated (3D) images and gated (4D) images, divided based on the respiratory cycle (expiration phase, stable phase, and inspiration phase). We calculated the maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) in each phase. We used the % difference [= (4D SUVmax – 3D SUVmax)/3D PET SUVmax × 100 (%)] to evaluate the differences in the 4D SUVmax and 3D SUVmax. The 4D SUVmax values were significantly higher than the 3D SUVmax, regardless of the tumor size. The % difference for the small tumors was greater than that for the large tumors, and it was highest in the stable phase. We conclude that the SUVmax in the stable phase under respiratory-gated PET are the most reliable. The SUVmax observed under non-gated PET are considered to be more frequently underestimated in cases involving small tumors than in those involving large tumors. In the chronologic study evaluating the time course of tumor development, the size of the tumor is small in early stage, and respiratory-gated PET is effective in reducing the underestimation of such tumors caused by respiratory motion

Spin frustration in antiperovskite systems: (TTF˙+or TSF˙+)3[(Mo6X14)2−Y−]

Two novel antiperovskite charge-transfer (CT) solids composed of a tetraselenafulvalene radical cation (TSF˙+), a dianionic molybdenum cluster unit [Mo6X14]2−, and a halogen anion (Y−) (X, Y = Cl, Br) were prepared by electrocrystallization. Their crystal structures and magnetic properties with regard to spin frustration are discussed together with those of isostructural tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) CT solids previously reported. Both TSF and TTF salts have an apex sharing distorted octahedral spin lattice with a rhombohedral R[3 with combining macron] space group. The calculated overlap integrals based on the crystal structures and insulating nature of the TSF salts indicate that they are Mott insulators. Their spin susceptibilities obeyed the Curie–Weiss law and exhibited an antiferromagnetic ordering at lower temperatures for the TSF salts (Néel temperature, TN = 3.0 K for X = Y = Cl and 5.5 K for X = Y = Br) than the TTF salts. The Curie–Weiss temperatures (|ΘCW| ∼ 1.6–6.3 K) for the TSF salts are lower than those of the TTF salts. For the TSF salts, spin-flop behavior was detected at 3.2 T for X = Y = Cl and 1.5 T for X = Y = Br at 1.9 K. Due to both the distortion of the octahedral geometry of the spin lattice and the anisotropic molecular orientation, the geometrical spin frustrations in TSF and TTF systems are weakened

Comparative Genetic Mapping and Discovery of Linkage Disequilibrium Across Linkage Groups in White Clover (Trifolium repens L.)

White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is an allotetraploid species (2n = 4X = 32) that is widely distributed in temperate regions and cultivated as a forage legume. In this study, we developed expressed sequence tag (EST)–derived simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, constructed linkage maps, and performed comparative mapping with other legume species. A total of 7982 ESTs that could be assembled into 5400 contigs and 2582 singletons were generated. Using the EST sequences that were obtained, 1973 primer pairs to amplify EST-derived SSR markers were designed and used for linkage analysis of 188 F1 progenies, which were generated by a cross between two Japanese plants, ‘273-7’ and ‘T17-349,’ with previously published SSR markers. An integrated linkage map was constructed by combining parental-specific maps, which consisted of 1743 SSR loci on 16 homeologous linkage groups with a total length of 2511 cM. The primer sequences of the developed EST-SSR markers and their map positions are available on http://clovergarden.jp/. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was observed on 9 of 16 linkage groups of a parental-specific map. The genome structures were compared among white clover, red clover (T. pratense L.), Medicago truncatula, and Lotus japonicus. Macrosynteny was observed across the four legume species. Surprisingly, the comparative genome structure between white clover and M. truncatula had a higher degree of conservation than that of the two clover species

トシ キンロウシャガタ ジサツ ヨボウ ノ タメノ チイキテキ シゲン ノ ケンサク ニムケテ イリョウ ケイ ダイガクセイ ノ シュビイッカン カンカク SOC ト チイキテキ レンケイ トノ カンケイ ニツイテノ プレテスト ニ モトヅイテ

都市勤労者型自殺予防策のエビデンス検索を目的とする住民アンケート調査準備のため, 地域的連帯を構成する諸要因が住民の首尾一貫感覚(SOC)にどの程度影響しているか, を検討した. 対象は大阪府の医療系大学学生235名であり, 方法はSOC尺度(13項目版:13-91)を軸とする質問紙調査を実施し, 地域関連項目により分類した複数群のSOC平均値間の有意差を検定した. 結果, 235名のSOC平均値と標準偏差値は48.1±9.8であり, クロンバックのα係数は0.77, 有意差は「同居者の有無」, 「居住期間」, 「居住地愛着」で認められた. SOC平均値は転居経験のある長期居住者の方が定住者や短期居住者より有意に高かく, 愛着がある方がない方より有意に高かった. 以上から上記質問項目の見通しが立ったが, 地域的連帯の密度・強度の測定に工夫が必要になった.BACKGROUND and PURPOSE : in order to search the evidences for suicide prevention of which target is working people who live in a city, we are preparing a questionnaire survey for city residents. In that process, we need to examine which and how factors of local solidarity are influential with the sense of coherence (SOC) of residents. OBJECTS : 235 undergraduate students of a co-medical university in Osaka prefecture. METHOD : questionnaire survey of which key scale is SOC-13 scale (range : 13-91), and we examine significant differences among SOC means of plural groups which are classified in according with the classification of each factors of local solidarity. RESULTS : SOC mean of 235 students is 48.1 (SD : 9.8), Cronbach\u27α is 0.77, and significant differences are identified in "solitude or not" (p <.05), "residence period" and "attachment to resident place". Compared with SOC means of permanent or temporary residents (p <.01), significantly high is that of long-term residents who experienced a move. SOC mean of residents who hope to stay here is significantly higher than that of residents who hope to go away (p <.01). DISCUSSION : the questionnaire items mentioned above give us sure vistas on next survey, but we need to work out the questionnaire items of which purpose is measurement of density and intensity of local solidarity

キンセイ トシ オオサカ ニオケル ジサツ タイサク コウヘン センニチ ボショ ノ シボウ マイソウ キロク ニ モトヅイテ

本稿では, 第1に, 制度的問題の解決を通して, 不審死体の届出, 死亡の種類の公的認定, 分担死体の埋葬の義務を含むプロセスが確立し, 聖六坊の防犯的役割も明確になったことを明らかにする. 第2に, 心中法度の成立により男女の情死が「相対死」という犯罪となり, 死体の裸晒しを含む, 過酷な刑罰が適用されたことを示す. 第3に, 個人単独の自殺は犯罪ではなかったが, 検使役による公的介入を招き, 死体が自殺現場に晒されたり, 公衆の面前で体表検索されたりし, 都市では自殺者の葬送儀礼と家族のケアを欠いていたことを示す. 最後にデュルケームの自殺類型論の観点から, 大坂の自殺名所であった千日墓所で, 心中法度成立後, 経済的繁栄期における相対死の流行, 飢饉時の単独自殺の増加の影響を遮断し, 自殺抑止期間が延長している成功的事実を検討し, 心中法度を背景にして聖六坊や非人番が自らの職務遂行を通して自殺予防に貢献したことを明らかにするDiscussed in this article are the following facts: 1) In an effort to eliminate institutional ambiguity, an official process was established. It included obligation to inform the town magistrate of a suspected case of unnatural death, confirmation of the manner of death by the postmortem examiner and burial of the corpse. This process illuminated the crime prevention role played by Hijiri-Roku-Bou (Hijiri Six Masters; HSM); 2) The Lovers\u27 Suicide Ban (1722) was introduced to make lovers\u27 suicides/suicide pacts illegal (a crime called "Aitai-jini"). Very severe punishments were imposed on lovers who violated this ban and their naked corpses were often exposed in public; and 3) Though normal suicide (committed solo) was not a crime itself, the behavior brought about official intervention by the postmortem examiner and the dead body was exposed or examined in public. In cities, unlike in rural communities, there was practically no funeral rite for a suicide and his/her family and community were left unattended. Finally, an analysis from the viewpoint of Durkheim\u27s suicide classification will be presented. At Sennichi Cemetery, a suicide mecca, the introduction of the Lovers\u27 Suicide Ban successfully controlled lovers\u27 suicides, which were epidemic during economically prosperous periods, as well as normal suicides during famines. As a result, suicide attempts were effectively deterred for a long time. Under the ban HMS and Hininban (policemen in the Edo period) fulfilled their own tasks and contributed to suicide prevention

キンセイ トシ オオサカ ニオケル ジサツ タイサク ゼンペン センニチ ボショ ノ シボウ マイソウ キロク ニ モトヅイテ

本稿では, 近世都市大坂の千日墓所の死亡埋葬記録の分析に基づいて, 1)大多数の死体が火葬にされ(平均95%), 2)土葬は自殺死体を含む不審死体(犯罪者の刑執行前の死体, 身元引受人のない死体, それらが疑われる死体)に適用される少数事例であったこと(平均5%), 従って3)都市大坂の墓所の本質的機能が火葬にあり, 専門的に火葬業務に従事する職業が成立していたこと, を明らかにする. さらに死亡埋葬記録に記載された死亡語彙を「死亡の種類」(病死, 自殺, 他殺, 事故死)の定義に基づいて分類し, 自殺を含むすべての死亡の種類を含意する可能性のある行倒死について, 1)享保飢饉を契機に町奉行所への届出が聖六坊の義務となったが, 検使役が出動した期間は14年間(1758-1772)に過ぎなかったこと, 2)行倒死体は墓所の大穴に投げ込むだけの土葬にされたこと, を明らかにする.Discussed in this article, based on the analysis of Sennichi Cemetery\u27s death and burial records, are some facts about the city of Osaka in the Edo period: 1) Most corpses (95% on average) were cremated; 2) Just a small number of corpses (5% on average) were intered. These included confirmed or suspected cases of suicide bodies, criminals dead before execution and unclaimed bodies; and 3) Cremating bodies was the main function performed by cemeteries in Osaka, and this service was established as a professional occupation. Furthermore, the death vocabulary in the records was classified according to the definition of "manners of death" (natural death, suicide, homicide and accidental death). As for persons found dead on the street-suspected cases of suicide or any of three other categories-the following facts were discovered: 1) After the Kyoho famine people were obliged to inform the town magistrate of these cases. However, operation of postmortem examiners only lasted for 14 years (from 1758 to 1772); and 2) These bodies were intered (they were only thrown into a large pit excavated in the cemetery and not even properly covered)

ソネザキ シンジュウ ノ レキシ シャカイガクテキ ブンセキ ショヒョウ コバヤシ キョウジ チョ シンジュウ エノ ショウタイジョウ カレイナル レンアイシ ノ セカイ

筆者は,都市における自殺予防を研究課題としたことから,近世大坂における自殺記事を扱ったことがある1)。大坂,自殺とくれば,心中・情死である。自殺記事は行政文書であったが,その簡潔な表現の背景にある情念が気にかかり,結局は近松門左衛門の脚本や井原西鶴ら当時の人々の文献を参照することになった。 しかし『曾根崎心中』の徳兵衛にせよ,『心中天の網島』の治兵衛にせよ,どこかひ弱で情けない印象がつきまとう。他方,お初にせよ,小春にせよ,本当は男を死に引きずり込んだ,恐ろしい女ではないか。警戒の対象にこそなれ,どうして当時の大坂の人々が近松心中物に喝采をおくったのか,実のところ,筆者にはよく理解できなかった。 現代の日本は自殺者数3万人を超える自殺大国である。統計には表れないが、そこには心中絡みの事件が多数含まれているはずである。本日(09.11.24)の朝刊にも加古川の一家心中,住之江での拳銃による中年男女の心中の記事が掲載されていた。心中は他殺と自殺のアマルガムであり,今も昔も犯罪との関係を無視できない。 『心中への招待状・華麗なる恋愛死の世界』2)の著者,小林氏は心中が他殺を含意することを承知している。それでもなお,曾根崎心中を「心中」の原型に押上げたインパクトと文化的エネルギーを見誤ってはならない,と主張する。氏によると,曾根崎心中は千載一遇の恋愛死であり,恋愛は近代的自我を欠いては成立しない相互行為なのである。 上記観点から見れば,一家心中や無理心中,果てはネット心中など「心中」に値しない。罪のない子供や嫌がる女を殺しても「心中」なら仕方ない,という優柔不断な世論が犠牲者を増やしてきたのであり,まして赤の他人どうしのネット心中がなぜ「心中」なのか。殺人行為には社会的に毅然とした非難を以って臨むべきである,と小林氏は主張する。 こうして堕落に堕落を重ねる心中文化が女子供の犠牲者を増産しているとすれば,そうした趨勢に対抗するには心中の核心たる恋愛死を明らかにし,示すことが不可欠である。本物を示さなければ,紛い物がはびこる。小林氏の今回の著作は,自殺予防に対する挑発的なタイトルにもかかわらず,自殺予防の援軍と見ることができる。 以下では小林氏の歴史社会学的分析を追い,大坂の宗教的側面,デュルケームの自殺促進要因について補足し,自殺予防に関わる公的介入による心中の変質について考察したい

シュビイッカン カンカク SOC ソクテイ ニモトヅク イリョウケイ キョウイクロン ノ ココロミ イリョウケイ ガクセイ セイカツ ニオケル ストレス イッパン テイコウ シゲン GRRS ノ ケンサク

医療系学生生活に一般抵抗資源(GRRs)を検索することを目的に学生対象に質問紙調査を実施し, 578名を分析対象とした. そのSOC平均値は48.5, クロンバックα係数は0.75であった. 操作的な多元的カテゴリーの平均値間の有意差検定の結果, GRRsとして (1)現状に対する適応, (2)学生による自発性と集団活動, (3)交際関係の広さ, (4)同学科同級生・教員および事務職員への関心, (5)学生自治会・サークル・Students JOBなど自発性に基づく活動への関心, (6)生命の尊厳(SOL)を検出した. 以上のうち, (4)はSOC維持のために, (5)はSOC向上のために役立つGRRsと考えられた. 他方, (1)～(6)は学生の主として有意味感に対応するGRRsであったが, 把握可能感, 処理可能感に対応するGRRsは検出できなかった. 特に将来学生がQOL要求に応えるため, 把握可能感の向上が必要であり, それに対応するGRRsの検索が必要である.PURPOSE is a search of generalized resistant resources (GRRs) against stressors in student life , based on measurement of SOC of undergraduate students of co-medical university. OBJECT : 578 records was analyzed. METHODE : questionnaire survey, and we examine significant differences among SOC means of plural groups which are classified in according with the classification of each factors of student life. RESULTS : SOC mean of 578 students is 48.5, Cronbach\u27α is 0.75. As results of significant tests, we discovered some points related to GRRs below, I. Adaptation to the present situation, 2. Spontaneity and group activities, 3. Extent of circle of friends, 4. Interests in classmates and teachers of same department and office personnel, which are indispensable for maintenance of students\u27 SOC, 5. Interests in the union or interest groups or Students JOB that are based on spontaneity of students themselves, which are indispensable for improvement of students\u27 SOC, 6. Sanctity of Life (SOL), DISCUSSION : the above points correspond with students\u27 meaningfulness. We hardly discover any points related to GRRs corresponding with students\u27 comprehensibility or manageability. Especially, the students who will be nurses or therapists will have to satisfy the QOL (Quality of Life) demand of patients in hospitals and other places, and therefore we need to research some points related to GRRs corresponding with students\u27 comprehensibility

Efficacy of anti-PD-1 monotherapy for recurrent or metastatic olfactory neuroblastoma

BackgroundOlfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is a rare malignant tumor of the head and neck. Due to its rarity, standard systemic therapy for this condition has yet to be established. In particular, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for the recurrent or metastatic (R/M) ONB population remains unclear.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated 11 patients with R/M ONB who received any systemic chemotherapy at two Japanese institutions (National Cancer Center Hospital East and Kyushu Medical Center) between January 2002 and March 2022 and analyzed outcomes by use of anti-PD-1 antibody (nivolumab or pembrolizumab) monotherapy.ResultsOf the 11 patients, 6 received ICI (ICI-containing treatment group) and the remaining 5 were treated with systemic therapy but not including ICI (ICI-non-containing treatment group). Overall survival (OS) was significantly longer in the ICI-containing group (median OS: not reached vs. 6.4 months, log-rank p-value: 0.035). The fraction of ICI systemic therapy in the entire treatment period of this group reached 85.9%. Four patients (66.7%) in the ICI-containing treatment group experienced immune-related adverse events (irAE), with grades of 1/2. No irAE of grade 3 or more was seen, and no patient required interruption or discontinuation of treatment due to toxicity.ConclusionICI monotherapy appears to be effective and to contribute to prolonged survival in R/M ONB