Epworth Sleepiness Scale: items with corresponding numbers (proportions) of participants endorsing each score (N = 436^*).

<p>Epworth Sleepiness Scale: items with corresponding numbers (proportions) of participants endorsing each score (N = 436^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0149643#t004fn001" target="_blank">*</a>}).</p

Insomnia Severity Index items: numbers (proportions) of participants endorsing each response (N = 462).

<p>Insomnia Severity Index items: numbers (proportions) of participants endorsing each response (N = 462).</p

Socio-demographic factors associated with the different domains of the PSQI questionnaire (N = 456^*).

<p>Socio-demographic factors associated with the different domains of the PSQI questionnaire (N = 456^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0149643#t002fn001" target="_blank">*</a>}).</p

Internet Addiction and Relationships with Insomnia, Anxiety, Depression, Stress and Self-Esteem in University Students: A Cross-Sectional Designed Study

<div><p>Background and Aims</p><p>Internet addiction (IA) could be a major concern in university medical students aiming to develop into health professionals. The implications of this addiction as well as its association with sleep, mood disorders and self-esteem can hinder their studies, impact their long-term career goals and have wide and detrimental consequences for society as a whole. The objectives of this study were to: 1) Assess potential IA in university medical students, as well as factors associated with it; 2) Assess the relationships between potential IA, insomnia, depression, anxiety, stress and self-esteem.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Our study was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey conducted among 600 students of three faculties: medicine, dentistry and pharmacy at Saint-Joseph University. Four validated and reliable questionnaires were used: the Young Internet Addiction Test, the Insomnia Severity Index, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS 21), and the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (RSES).</p><p>Results</p><p>The average YIAT score was 30 ± 18.474; Potential IA prevalence rate was 16.8% (95% confidence interval: 13.81–19.79%) and it was significantly different between males and females (<i>p</i>-value = 0.003), with a higher prevalence in males (23.6% versus 13.9%). Significant correlations were found between potential IA and insomnia, stress, anxiety, depression and self-esteem (<i>p</i>-value < 0.001); ISI and DASS sub-scores were higher and self-esteem lower in students with potential IA.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Identifying students with potential IA is important because this addiction often coexists with other psychological problems. Therefore, interventions should include not only IA management but also associated psychosocial stressors such as insomnia, anxiety, depression, stress, and self-esteem.</p></div

Univariate analysis of the relationships between the questionnaires’ scores (N = 600).

<p>Univariate analysis of the relationships between the questionnaires’ scores (N = 600).</p

Univariate analysis of the relationships between ISI, DASS A, DASS S, DASS D, and RSES scores and potential internet addiction (N = 600).

<p>Univariate analysis of the relationships between ISI, DASS A, DASS S, DASS D, and RSES scores and potential internet addiction (N = 600).</p

Participants’ characteristics (N = 600).

<p>Participants’ characteristics (N = 600).</p

Number and percentage of students in each category of the three questionnaires: ISI, DASS and YIAT with mean (SD) scores (N = 600).

<p>Number and percentage of students in each category of the three questionnaires: ISI, DASS and YIAT with mean (SD) scores (N = 600).</p

Univariate analysis of the relationships between potential internet addiction and participants’ characteristics (N = 600).

<p>Univariate analysis of the relationships between potential internet addiction and participants’ characteristics (N = 600).</p

Associations between quality of life, physical activity, worry, depression and insomnia: A cross-sectional designed study in healthy pregnant women

<div><p>Health-related quality of life (QOL) is reported to be reduced during pregnancy. Associations between QOL, physical activity (PA), insomnia, depression and worry are insufficiently investigated among pregnant women. The aim of this study was to evaluate QOL and PA patterns among healthy pregnant women, and to examine how QOL might correlate to PA, sleep, worry and depression. This is an observational cross-sectional study, conducted among a convenient sample of 141 healthy pregnant women using five questionnaires: WHOQOL-brief (WHO quality of life questionnaire, brief version, ISI (Insomnia Severity Index), PSWQ (Penn State Worry Questionnaire), ZSRDS (Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale), and Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ). Pre-gestational BMI was inversely correlated to overall health while education was positively correlated to psychological health, social relationships and environment domains. Smoking before and during pregnancy significantly impacted the general health and psychological health. Total and light PA were positively correlated to psychological health and social relationships. Sports/exercise showed positive correlations with several QOL domains. Insomnia and depression were significantly associated with a decrease in all domains of QOL, while worries were associated with a decrease in physical, psychological and environmental domains. There were significant negative correlations between ZSRDS scores and total activity. PA, worries, depression and insomnia affected QOL during pregnancy. Furthermore, pregnant women presenting depression had a reduced total PA. Sleep and mental health as well as encouraging PA during pregnancy are necessary to improve the quality of life of pregnant women.</p></div