Leptodactylus pentadactylus

Number of Pages: 48Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Leptodactylus syphax

Number of Pages: 9Integrative BiologyGeological Science

\u3cem\u3eLeptodactylus cunicularius\u3c/em\u3e

Adult Leptodactylus cunicularius are moderately small. The head is longer than wide and the hind limbs are long (Table 1; Heyer and Thompson 2000 provided definitions of adult size and leg length categories for Leptodactylus). Male vocal sacs are internal, not externally expanded. The snout is protruding, not sexually dimorphic. Male forearms are not hypertrophied and males lack asperities on the thumbs and chest. The dorsum is variegated with small, often confluent, spots and blotches. There is a very thin interrupted mid-dorsal light stripe (pinstripe). Usually, there is a noticeable light, irregular, elongate, mid-dorsal blotch in the scapular region. The supratympanic fold is not marked differently from the surrounding region. A weak to distinct pair of interrupted (partial or along entire length) dorsolateral folds extends from the posterior portion of the eye, passing just lateral to the sacral bones and ending in the upper groin region of the leg; the folds are usually subtly highlighted with marginally lighter stripes than the surrounding dorsal region. Another pair of interrupted, irregular dorsal folds may or may not be visible on either side of the dorsum mid-line. A pair of interrupted (along entire length) lateral folds extends from the posterior dorsal portion of the tympanic fold to the mid-groin level at the leg juncture; the folds are usually slightly lighter in color than the adjacent flanks. The toe tips are rounded, not dilated. The toes lack lateral ridges or fringes and either lack or have a trace of basal webbing between toes II-III-IV. The dorsal surface of the shank lacks tubercles and has weakly developed longitudinal folds, not differentially patterned. The posterior surface of the tarsus lacks tubercles. The sole of the foot is smooth but with small irregular light spots of the same size as light tubercles found in other species. The upper lip usually has a distinct light cream or tan stripe from just behind the snout tip, passing under the eye and tympanum and continuing through the commissural gland; if lacking, the upper lip region is homogeneously colored. The belly is cream-colored, with or without a few small tan blotches on the lateral-most extent of the belly. The posterior surface of the thigh ranges from an indistinct to a labyrinthine pattern of darker and lighter browns; usually there are a series of light dots on the lower posterior thigh where light stripes occur in other species

Leptodactylus fragilis

Leptodactylus fragilis (Brocchi) White-lipped thin-toed frogs are characteristically defined according to their habitation and age. There is a diagnosis of different species group within Leptodactylus. It is furthermore described from different perspectives and discoveries such as its eggs and karyotype. The distribution of the frog is considered to be prominent occurring form Southernmost Teaxs throughout Mexico and Middle America expanding to Venezuela. The fossil fuel records and literature on Leptodactylus are slighly viewed before studying its nomenclatural history and rarity

Bibliography of the frogs of the Leptodactylus clade - Adenomera, Hydrolaetare, Leptodactylus, Lithodytes (Ampbibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae). Volume 1. References

In the funded proposal to NSF, RdS and WRH included a project to create an electronic database for all publications containing mention of species names for Adenomera, Leptodactylus, and Vanzolinius (Vanzolinius has since been synonymized with Leptodactylus). At the beginning of the project, there were about 2,000 references on 3x5 cards. Miriam H. Heyer (MHH) was contracted to create the EndNote® file. MHH entered all citations into EndNote® and examined the literature citations in those publications to determine whether any of them contained information on the genera of interest. WRH anticipated that the intensive bibliography would yield a total of 3,000 references for the genera involved. That estimate was too modest – at the end of the NSF funding for the project, 31 May 2008, we had located more than 5,000 citations. The EndNote® file of 31 May 2008 is the basis for this bibliography. About halfway through the project, the Frost et al. publication (2006) appeared. We made two decisions based on this significant work: 1) We included citations for the genera Hydrolaetare and Lithodytes. The evidence provided by Frost et al. 2006 is compelling that Adenomera, Hydrolaetare, Leptodactylus, and Lithodytes form a robust clade. 2) The relationships of Lithodytes and Adenomera as sister taxa and both genera being the sister clade to Leptodactylus has been confirmed in other primarily molecular studies. The relationships involved thus appear to be robust. We differ philosophically, not on the basis of data, with the conclusion of Frost et al. 2006 to combine Adenomera, Leptodactylus, and Lithodytes into a single genus, Leptodactylus and recognize the subgenus Lithodytes for the clade Adenomera + Lithodytes. This topic will be pursued in a future publication involving RdS, WRH, and others

\u3cem\u3eLeptodactylus fragilis\u3c/em\u3e (Brocchi): White-lipped Thin-toed Frog

Adult Leptodactylus fragilis are small. The head is longer than wide, and the hind limbs are moderately long (Table 1; Heyer and Thompson 2000 provided definitions of adult size and leg length categories for Leptodactylus). Male vocal sacs are laterally expanded and range from lightly gray speckled to darkly pigmented. Male snout is spatulate; female snout is rounded. Male forearms are not hypertrophied and males lack asperities on the thumbs and chest. The dorsum is spotted or blotched with dark markings, which are often chevron-shaped and sometimes confluent. The supratympanic fold is dark brown. A pair of dorsolateral folds is usually poorly developed, extending from the posterior portion of the eye, passing just lateral to the sacral bones and ending in the upper groin region at the leg; the folds are often highlighted by dark and/or light stripes. A pair of lateral folds extends from the posterior dorsal portion of the tympanic fold to the midgroin level at the leg juncture; the folds are often interrupted and/or poorly developed and are usually of lighter color than the adjacent flanks. The toe tips are rounded, either of equal diameter or slightly greater than the toe portion immediately behind the tip. The toes either lack lateral ridges and basal webbing or have very weakly developed lateral ridges (most developed proximally) and a trace of basal webbing between some or all toes 1-11-111-IV. The dorsal surface of the shank is usually covered with many white tubercles, or sometimes the white tubercles are few and scattered. The posterior surface of the tarsus either has many white tubercles (89%), or is smooth (11%). The sole of the foot always has many white tubercles. A light lip stripe extending from under the nostrils, passing under the eye and tympanum and continuing through the commissural gland is usually poorly developed (97%) or rarely distinct (3%). An interrupted mid-dorsal dark pin-stripe is occasionally present. The belly is often cream colored (lacking melanophores), it may have a scattering of melanophores to scattered diffuse dark blotches anteriorly and on the sides, or there may be scattered melanophores over the entire belly. The posterior surface of the thigh usually has a very distinct light longitudinal stripe on the lower half (66%), often moderately distinct (33%), or rarely absent (1 %)

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE FROGS OF THE LEPTODACTYLUS CLADE – ADENOMERA, HYDROLAETARE, LEPTODACTYLUS, LITHODYTES (AMPHIBIA, ANURA, LEPTODACTYLIDAE) VOLUME 2. INDICES

The bibliography (Volume 1) is organized alphabetically by last name of the first author. The Species Index, Keyword Index, and Geographic Index are organized by the unique number that EndNote® assigns to each record. To find a reference from the three indices, one must utilize the References by EndNote® Number, listed in numerical order. There is sufficient information associated with the EndNote® numerical order entry to find the specific reference involved in Volume 1 – References. Complete authors names are used in the EndNote® Number index for the EndNote® records that contain such information. Note that there are some “missing” record numbers – these represent duplicate records, one of which was deleted from the EndNote® file. Currently recognized species in the Species Index are indicated by bold font. Other species names are synonyms or nomina nuda. The Keyword Index lists terms from the Keyword section of each citation in Volume I. The Geographic Index lists countries and/or geographic regions that are taken from the Keyword sections in Volume I