Leptodactylus cunicularius

Number of Pages: 5Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Leptodactylus savagei

Number of Pages: 19Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Leptodactylus pentadactylus

Number of Pages: 48Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Leptodactylus syphax

Number of Pages: 9Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Symmetry, incommensurate magnetism and ferroelectricity: the case of the rare-earth manganites RMnO3

The complete irreducible co-representations of the paramagnetic space group provide a simple and direct path to explore the symmetry restrictions of magnetically driven ferroelectricity. The method consists of a straightforward generalization of the method commonly used in the case of displacive modulated systems and allows us to determine, in a simple manner, the full magnetic symmetry of a given phase originated from a given magnetic order parameter. The potential ferroic and magneto-electric properties of that phase can then be established and the exact Landau free energy expansions can be derived from general symmetry considerations. In this work, this method is applied to the case of the orthorhombic rare-earth manganites RMnO3. This example will allow us to stress some specific points, such as the differences between commensurate or incommensurate magnetic phases regarding the ferroic and magnetoelectric properties, the possible stabilization of ferroelectricity by a single irreducible order parameter or the possible onset of a polarization oriented parallel to the magnetic modulation. The specific example of TbMnO3 will be considered in more detail, in order to characterize the role played by the magneto-electric effect in the mechanism for the polarization rotation induced by an external magnetic field.Comment: Conference: Aperiodic`0

\u3cem\u3eLeptodactylus cunicularius\u3c/em\u3e

Adult Leptodactylus cunicularius are moderately small. The head is longer than wide and the hind limbs are long (Table 1; Heyer and Thompson 2000 provided definitions of adult size and leg length categories for Leptodactylus). Male vocal sacs are internal, not externally expanded. The snout is protruding, not sexually dimorphic. Male forearms are not hypertrophied and males lack asperities on the thumbs and chest. The dorsum is variegated with small, often confluent, spots and blotches. There is a very thin interrupted mid-dorsal light stripe (pinstripe). Usually, there is a noticeable light, irregular, elongate, mid-dorsal blotch in the scapular region. The supratympanic fold is not marked differently from the surrounding region. A weak to distinct pair of interrupted (partial or along entire length) dorsolateral folds extends from the posterior portion of the eye, passing just lateral to the sacral bones and ending in the upper groin region of the leg; the folds are usually subtly highlighted with marginally lighter stripes than the surrounding dorsal region. Another pair of interrupted, irregular dorsal folds may or may not be visible on either side of the dorsum mid-line. A pair of interrupted (along entire length) lateral folds extends from the posterior dorsal portion of the tympanic fold to the mid-groin level at the leg juncture; the folds are usually slightly lighter in color than the adjacent flanks. The toe tips are rounded, not dilated. The toes lack lateral ridges or fringes and either lack or have a trace of basal webbing between toes II-III-IV. The dorsal surface of the shank lacks tubercles and has weakly developed longitudinal folds, not differentially patterned. The posterior surface of the tarsus lacks tubercles. The sole of the foot is smooth but with small irregular light spots of the same size as light tubercles found in other species. The upper lip usually has a distinct light cream or tan stripe from just behind the snout tip, passing under the eye and tympanum and continuing through the commissural gland; if lacking, the upper lip region is homogeneously colored. The belly is cream-colored, with or without a few small tan blotches on the lateral-most extent of the belly. The posterior surface of the thigh ranges from an indistinct to a labyrinthine pattern of darker and lighter browns; usually there are a series of light dots on the lower posterior thigh where light stripes occur in other species

Leptodactylus fragilis

Leptodactylus fragilis (Brocchi) White-lipped thin-toed frogs are characteristically defined according to their habitation and age. There is a diagnosis of different species group within Leptodactylus. It is furthermore described from different perspectives and discoveries such as its eggs and karyotype. The distribution of the frog is considered to be prominent occurring form Southernmost Teaxs throughout Mexico and Middle America expanding to Venezuela. The fossil fuel records and literature on Leptodactylus are slighly viewed before studying its nomenclatural history and rarity

\u3cem\u3eLeptodactylus mystacinus\u3c/em\u3e

Adult Leptodactylus mystacinus are of moderate size, the head is as wide as long, and the hind limbs are moderately short (see Table; Heyer and Thompson 2000 provided definitions of adult size and leg length categories for Leptodactylus). Male vocal sacs are not visible externally or at best are weakly expanded laterally and slightly darker than female throats. Male snouts are more spatulate than those of females. Male forearms are not hypertrophied. Males lack asperities on the thumbs and chest. One or two pairs of dorsolateral folds (indicated by dark/light outlining in indifferently preserved specimens) are present: one distinct more dorsal pair extends from behind the eye (often with a gap with the fold beginning at a level above the tympanum) to the upper groin; a second pair, either complete or interrupted, extends from above the forearm insertion at the same level as the dorsal portion of the supratympanic fold and extends to the groin along the flanks. The toe tips are narrow. The toes lack fringes or fleshy ridges. The upper shank has many or scattered distinct white tubercles. The outer tarsus almost always (94%) has many or scattered distinct white tubercles. The sole of the foot usually (75%) has distinct scattered to many white tubercles, sometimes (25%) the white tubercles are absent

Leptodactylus cunicularius Sazima and Bokermann Rabbit-burrow Frog

Adult Leptodactylus cunicularius are moderately small. The head is longer than wide and the hind limbs are long (Table 1; Heyer and Thompson 2000 provided definitions of adult size and leg length categories for Leptodactylus). Male vocal sacs are internal, not externally expanded. The snout is protruding, not sexually dimorphic. Male forearms are not hypertrophied and males lack asperities on the thumbs and chest. The dorsum is variegated with small, often confluent, spots and blotches. There is a very thin interrupted mid-dorsal light stripe (pinstripe). Usually, there is a noticeable light, irregular, elongate, mid-dorsal blotch in the scapular region. The supratympanic fold is not marked differently from the surrounding region. A weak to distinct pair of interrupted (partial or along entire length) dorsolateral folds extends from the posterior portion of the eye, passing just lateral to the sacral bones and ending in the upper groin region of the leg; the folds are usually subtly highlighted with marginally lighter stripes than the surrounding dorsal region

\u3cem\u3eLeptodactylus savagei\u3c/em\u3e

Adult Leptodactylus savagei are large, the head is as wide as long or usually wider than long, and the hind limbs are moderate in length (Table 1; Heyer and Thompson (2000) provided definitions of adult size and leg length categories for Leptodactylus). Male vocal sacs are not visible externally. Sexually active males have hypertrophied forearms, usually 1 large black spine on each thumb, rarely with 1 large spine and a prepollical bump, and a pair of black chest spines. A pair of entire dorsolateral folds extend anteriorly from at least one_half to full distance from eye to groin, the dorsolateral folds are rarely interrupted. Flank folds (diverging from the supratympanic fold at the uppermost posterior portion of the tympanum and extending as far as the lower flank at mid_body level) range from entire (often) to only a dark spot/wart (rarely) in the area where the fold would be between the tympanum and shoulder. Lateral folds are not distinguishable. The toe tips are rounded and either barely wider than or of equal width as the toes immediately behind the tips. The toes have weak to noticeable lateral ridges and either lack any web or (usually) have vestigial webbing between toes I-II-III or I-II-III-IV. Metamorphic and slightly larger juveniles lack webbing and either have very weak lateral ridges or lack them. The upper shank surfaces almost always have some texture, including a shagreen and/or small black or white tubercles. The outer surface of the tarsus may either be smooth or with a shagreen or small black or white tubercles. The sole of the foot is typically smooth, lacking texture