Smoking Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior of Child Labor Who Live in Tehran during 2013-2014

Background: Children and adolescent smoking is one of the most important health problems in the world. There is a major concern that child labor may generate a pseudo maturity syndrome, including smoking.The current survey focus on smoking behavior, knowledge and attitude of child labor are working in Tehran.Materials and Methods: The study adopted a cross-sectional design, based on a primary pilot descriptive cross sectional study, using GYTS self-administered questionnaire. 816 child labor, which were student of work labor schools or worked as child labor on Tehran parks and crossing roads, were randomly selected using multi stage cluster sampling. DATA analyzed using SPSS v.22 (IBM statistic) software and chi square test to compare the frequency of variables in different groups.Results: 50.6% of our participants were boy and child laboring age varied from 11 to 17 years old. 18.6% of child labor had smoking experience (Confident Interval 95%=17.3-20.1). 9.8% of them were current smoker (CI 95%=8.6-10.9) and 1.2% were current regular smoker (CI 95%=0.9-2.1). Child labor smoking hazard knowledge was evaluated by considering the minimum and maximum score of 10 to 30. Results demonstrated that the mean score of knowledge, attitude and behavior were 17.1±6.2, 36.5±16.1 (range 15-45) and 46.1±3.0 (range 25-75), respectively.Conclusion: Considering to our findings, planning tobacco control program for these specific groups is required, aiming at preventing cigarette smoking by increasing the knowledge and correcting their attitude

Investigstion on effect prepared vaccine by x-ray on production rate and resistance to white spot disease in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

White Spot Disease (WSD) is a important disease due to economic impacts in shrimp industries. Spreading of this disease in shrimp farms can caused a 100% mortality during 3-10 days. Therefore control of this disease is a strategy in shrimp industry. Vaccination is a way to control of WSD. In several years ago during a project several type vaccine of this virus by association of Atomic Energy Organization is produced that among of them the virus inactivated by GAMA radiation had better results in laboratory. To test of this vaccine in field, a research pilot was carried out. Initially 20000 shrimp napliies were obtained from one of commercial hatchery in Bushehr province, then devided to two groups vaccinated and unvaccinated. The vaccinated group also devided . 26and PL12 , group B vaccinated at PL15and PL 5to two groups, group A that vaccinated at postlarva e (PL) Rrsults showed that difference of growth performance and survival rate between vaccinated and unvaccinated without challenge with WSV after 80 days is not significantly (P<0.05). but survival rate in vaccinated groups after challenge with WSV was significantly (P<0.05) further the unvaccinated group. Also the results showed survival rate of group B after challenge with WSV is better than group A and this difference was significantly (P<0.05). this study showed vaccination of shrimp postlarvae with GAMA radiation vaccine can control of shrimp mortality in incidence of WSD in farms

Preparation Rate of Environmental Health Operational Teams in Facing with Crisis of Drinking Water in Disasters

Abstract Aims: Iran is one of the countries that always faced with the unforeseen events and is in danger of all kinds of natural disasters. Since after natural disasters, affected region has the potential of various public health threats, establishing the environmental health department has been proposed. The aim of this study was to assess the preparation rate of environmental health operational teams from all around Iran, in facing with crisis of drinking water in disasters. Instrument & Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in 2015 during the environmental health emergencies maneuver at Hormozgan Province, Iranand 15 operational teams and 15 assessor teams were selected randomly for the study. In order to assess the activities of environmental health teams, a checklist of environmental health was prepared and used. Spearman correlation coefficient and Chi square tests were used to analyze the data. Findings: There were no significant differences between operational and assessor teams according to the studied parameters of water crisis (p>0.05). All operational and assessor teams believed that microbial, latour and chemical sampling were well done (p=0.1). There were significant correlations between operational and assessor teams in general assessment (r=0.607; p=0.017) and all other main parts except tubing design (r=-0.279; p=0.313) Conclusion: The readiness of the operational teams of environmental health is not desirable in dealing with the crisis of drinking water

Computational fluid dynamics simulation of two-phase flow patterns in a serpentine microfluidic device

Abstract In the current research work, the flow behavior of a liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) process in a serpentine microchannel was analyzed. The simulation was performed using a 3D model and the results were found to be consistent with experimental data. The impact of the flow of chloroform and water on the flow model was also examined. The data indicate that once the aqua and organic phases flow rates are low and similar, a slug flow pattern is observed. However, as the overall flow rate raises, the slug flow transforms into parallel plug flow or droplet flow. An increment in the aqua flows while maintaining a constant organic phase flow rate results in a transition from slug flow to either droplet flow or plug flow. Finally, the patterns of flow rate in the serpentine micro-channel were characterized and depicted. The results of this study will provide valuable insights into the behavior of two-phase flow patterns in serpentine microfluidic devices. This information can be used to optimize the design of microfluidic devices for various applications. Furthermore, the study will demonstrate the applicability of CFD simulation in investigating the behavior of fluids in microfluidic devices, which can be a cost-effective and efficient alternative to experimental studies

Evaluation of plasma osmolality using direct method and its measurement in infants under fluid therapy

History and Objectives: Considering the significance of plasma osmolality as an appropriate indicator of water and electrolyte balance, its importance as a stimulus and the extent of its difference with real osmolality, this study was carried out to determine plasma osmolality and its measurement in infants under fluid therapy in selected hospitals in Isfahan.Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional protocol of this study was carried out on 45 infants at an age of 1-10 days in wards of special care for infants. Plasma osmolality was measured using direct method and also through measuring sodium, potassium, glucose and BUN concentrations. Then, paired t-test was applied regarding weight and degree of attention.Results: The measured osmolality was 260.57±1.84 mosmol/kg and was significantly different from the predicted one. These findings were also correct for infants with weights higher than 2500g. Conclusion and Recommendations: The above-mentioned method can correctly measure plasma osmolality as direct method. It is concluded to use in order of importance direct method and then mathematical method for measurement of plasma osmolality