Chemical Analysis: A Common Medicated Oil Base use in Ayurveda

Medicated oil preparation process is named as Sneha Kalpana in Ayurveda and they are used to treat wide range of diseases. Medicated oils are prepared by prolonged cooking with coconut/ king coconut oil, sesame oil, different crude oils like castor oil, mustard oil, ghee and substances like,nbspKalkanbsp(herbal paste prepared by different parts of botanicals),nbspKvathanbsp(specifically prepared decoction in accordance of Ayurvedic principles) ornbspDrava Dravyanbsp(any other liquid such as milk, self-expressed juices, etc.). A considerable amount of sesame oil and ghee is present in many medicated oils such as Dashamooladi Ghrita, Chitrakadi Ghrita, Baladi Ghrita, Nirghundi Taila, Ashwandha Ghrita, Vipadikahara Ghrita, Moolaka Taila, Sacharadi Taila, Swandranstha Taila and Rasna Taila. Therefore, it is very important to assess the quality of the base consist of sesame oil and ghee. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the quality in terms of specific gravity, refractive index, acid value, saponification value and development of TLC profile of the base consists of sesame oil and ghee in a ratio of 1:1 w/w by using standard protocols. Results revealed that specific gravity, acid value, saponification value, peroxide value and iodine value were 0.91plusmn 0.00, 2.00 plusmn 0.06 KOH/g, 431.57 plusmn 1.43 mg/g, 1.33 plusmn 0.06 Meq/kg and 56plusmn1.04 g I2/100g respectively. TLC fingerprint profiles were developed using 3 solvent systems. In conclusion, present study will help to establish quality control parameters of base of medicated oils which consist of sesame oil and ghee in a ratio of 1:1 w/w

Properties of Graphene: A Theoretical Perspective

In this review, we provide an in-depth description of the physics of monolayer and bilayer graphene from a theorist's perspective. We discuss the physical properties of graphene in an external magnetic field, reflecting the chiral nature of the quasiparticles near the Dirac point with a Landau level at zero energy. We address the unique integer quantum Hall effects, the role of electron correlations, and the recent observation of the fractional quantum Hall effect in the monolayer graphene. The quantum Hall effect in bilayer graphene is fundamentally different from that of a monolayer, reflecting the unique band structure of this system. The theory of transport in the absence of an external magnetic field is discussed in detail, along with the role of disorder studied in various theoretical models. We highlight the differences and similarities between monolayer and bilayer graphene, and focus on thermodynamic properties such as the compressibility, the plasmon spectra, the weak localization correction, quantum Hall effect, and optical properties. Confinement of electrons in graphene is nontrivial due to Klein tunneling. We review various theoretical and experimental studies of quantum confined structures made from graphene. The band structure of graphene nanoribbons and the role of the sublattice symmetry, edge geometry and the size of the nanoribbon on the electronic and magnetic properties are very active areas of research, and a detailed review of these topics is presented. Also, the effects of substrate interactions, adsorbed atoms, lattice defects and doping on the band structure of finite-sized graphene systems are discussed. We also include a brief description of graphane -- gapped material obtained from graphene by attaching hydrogen atoms to each carbon atom in the lattice.Comment: 189 pages. submitted in Advances in Physic