Predicted prevalence ratios of self-reporting condomless last sex (with any partner) for each of the 14 survey countries by sex.

Predicted prevalence ratios of self-reporting condomless last sex (with any partner) for each of the 14 survey countries by sex.</p

Predicted prevalence ratios of self-reporting condomless casual partnership for each of the 14 survey countries by sex.

Predicted prevalence ratios of self-reporting condomless casual partnership for each of the 14 survey countries by sex.</p

Distribution of plasma HIV RNA and mean log₁₀ VL among (a) women and (b) men with LLV, non-suppressed VL and those diagnosed but untreated and undiagnosed across 14 PHIA surveys.

Note: unable to reliably estimate distribution due to small number of men diagnosed but untreated in the Ethiopia PHIA survey.</p

Proportion of transmission attributed to PLHIV sub-group by sex across all 14 PHIA surveys (sensitivity analysis using Hill function of transmission and viremia relationship, and assuming the adjusted prevalence ratio of self-reporting HIV high-risk behaviour among untreated PLHIV was half that among PLHIV on ART).

Proportion of transmission attributed to PLHIV sub-group by sex across all 14 PHIA surveys (sensitivity analysis using Hill function of transmission and viremia relationship, and assuming the adjusted prevalence ratio of self-reporting HIV high-risk behaviour among untreated PLHIV was half that among PLHIV on ART).</p

Proportion of transmission attributed to PLHIV sub-group by sex across all 14 PHIA surveys (sensitivity analysis using Hill function of transmission and viremia relationship, and adjusted prevalence ratio of self-reporting condomless last sex (with any partner) in transmission equation).

Proportion of transmission attributed to PLHIV sub-group by sex across all 14 PHIA surveys (sensitivity analysis using Hill function of transmission and viremia relationship, and adjusted prevalence ratio of self-reporting condomless last sex (with any partner) in transmission equation).</p

Forest plots showing the adjusted prevalence ratios of self-reporting high HIV high-risk behaviour by sub-groups (including normalized survey weight in regression mode).

Forest plots showing the adjusted prevalence ratios of self-reporting high HIV high-risk behaviour by sub-groups (including normalized survey weight in regression mode).</p

Summary of participant characteristics (unweighted) across all 14 surveys.

Summary of participant characteristics (unweighted) across all 14 surveys.</p

Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios of self-reporting condomless last sex (with any partner) by sex.

Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios of self-reporting condomless last sex (with any partner) by sex.</p

Definitions of sexual risk and exposure measures of this study.

Definitions of sexual risk and exposure measures of this study.</p

Estimated proportion of PLHIV and transmission proportion attributable to PLHIV subgroups in Nigeria, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Lesotho, 2010–2020.

Countries chosen as illustrative examples as their transmission proportion patterns are similar to other countries in their regions. See S12 Fig for all countries in analysis.</p