123 research outputs found
Second order semi-parametric inference for multivariate log Gaussian Cox processes
This paper introduces a new approach to inferring the second order properties
of a multivariate log Gaussian Cox process (LGCP) with a complex intensity
function. We assume a semi-parametric model for the multivariate intensity
function containing an unspecified complex factor common to all types of
points. Given this model we exploit the availability of several types of points
to construct a second-order conditional composite likelihood to infer the pair
correlation and cross pair correlation functions of the LGCP. Crucially this
likelihood does not depend on the unspecified part of the intensity function.
We also introduce a cross validation method for model selection and an
algorithm for regularized inference that can be used to obtain sparse models
for cross pair correlation functions. The methodology is applied to simulated
data as well as data examples from microscopy and criminology. This shows how
the new approach outperforms existing alternatives where the intensity
functions are estimated non-parametrically.Comment: 32 pages including appendi
Involving practice nurse and other assistant clinical staff members in the management of low back pain:A qualitative interview study from Danish general practice
OBJECTIVES: Involving practice nurse and other assistant clinical staff members in providing information and education to patients with low back pain at follow-up appointments may release more time and improve care in general practice. However, this requires a shift in the division of tasks, and general practitionersâ barriers and facilitators for this are currently unknown. The objectives were to explore general practitionersâ experiences and perceptions of including assistant clinical staff members in the management of low back pain. METHODS: This is a semi-structured interview study in Danish general practice. General practitioners with a variation in demographics and experience with task-delegation to clinical staff were recruited for in-depth interviews. We used a phenomenological approach to guide the data collection and the analysis in order to gain insight into the subjective experiences of the general practitioners and to understand the phenomenon of âdelegating tasks to practice staffâ from the perspective of the general practitionersâ lifeworld. Analysis was conducted using an inductive descriptive method. The sample size was guided by information power. RESULTS: We conducted five interviews with general practitioners. All general practitioners had experience with task delegation, but there was a variation in which tasks the general practitioners delegated and to which types of clinical staff members. The following themes were derived from the analysis: general practice organisation, delegating to clinical staff members, doctorâpatient relationship, exercise instruction, clinical pathway for patients and external support. CONCLUSION: General practitioners consider patients with low back pain to be a heterogeneous group with a variety of treatment needs and a patient group without any predetermined content or frequency of consultations; this can be a barrier for delegating these patients to clinical staff members
DĂ©pendance Ă la trajectoire et crĂ©ation dâune trajectoire dans les controverses sur la sphĂšre bioĂ©nergĂ©tique au Danemark
Au Danemark, les controverses sur la bioĂ©nergie sont analysĂ©es sous lâangle de la transition durable et dans lâoptique de soutenir lâutilisation de la bioĂ©nergie par des sociĂ©tĂ©s industrialisĂ©es dans la perspective de lâabandon dâun systĂšme reposant sur des sources fossiles. Ces analyses sâappuient sur le concept de sphĂšre du dĂ©veloppement (Arena of Development, AOD) pour examiner comment les acteurs interagissent et façonnent les controverses, parallĂšlement Ă lâexploration des processus de gouvernance en jeu. La bioĂ©nergie occupe une place centrale dans la stratĂ©gie nationale actuelle du Danemark face au changement climatique, mais certaines controverses opposent plusieurs catĂ©gories de parties prenantes Ă propos des sources de biomasse, des volumes et des consĂ©quences de lâutilisation de la bioĂ©nergie pour lâenvironnement. Ainsi, les producteurs dâĂ©nergie convertissent les centrales au charbon Ă de la biomasse importĂ©e, afin que ces installations puissent continuer de jouer un rĂŽle dans la transition vers des Ă©nergies renouvelables ; de leur cĂŽtĂ©, des organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) affirment que cette pratique ne permettra pas une rĂ©duction des Ă©missions. Les agriculteurs considĂšrent que le lisier permet de produire du biogaz et que cette utilisation attĂ©nue lâimpact du changement climatique ainsi que les nuisances dues au lisier ; Ă lâinverse, les ONG craignent que le biogaz issu du lisier ne serve dâargument en faveur dâune expansion de lâĂ©levage. Une sociĂ©tĂ© de biotechnologie dĂ©veloppe des enzymes pour transformer de la biomasse qui servira Ă produire des biocarburants de deuxiĂšme gĂ©nĂ©ration, et son projet a recueilli un certain soutien ; en revanche, aux yeux dâautres acteurs, il ne sâagit que dâun Ă©coblanchiment (green-washing) du systĂšme de transports actuel. Ces controverses naissent de points de vue divergents sur lâaffectation durable des terres et sur les stratĂ©gies propices Ă lâĂ©quitĂ© dans le monde. La discussion montre comment les mĂ©canismes de dĂ©pendance Ă la trajectoire et de crĂ©ation dâune trajectoire influencent la maniĂšre dont la bioĂ©nergie est utilisĂ©e aujourdâhui et pourrait lâĂȘtre demain. Elle met au jour les processus de gouvernance liĂ©s aux controverses (dĂ©cisions Ă©tatiques, crĂ©ation dâun marchĂ© et rĂ©seaux).Danish bioenergy controversies are analysed from a sustainable transition perspective and as a case on industrialized societiesâ use of bioenergy as part of the transition away from an energy system built on fossil energy. The analyses are based on the concept of Arena of Development for analyses of how actors are interacting and shaping controversies, combined with analyses of the involved governance processes. Bioenergy has a central role in the current national Danish climate strategy, but there are controversies involving several types of stakeholders over biomass sources and amounts and the environmental impacts of using bioenergy: Energy companies convert coal fired power plants into imported biomass to sustain the role of these power plants in the transition towards renewable energy, while some NGOs claim that this practice will not reduce emissions. Farmers see slurry as a source for biogas and a measure to reduce climate impact and nuisances from slurry, while NGOs fear slurry-based biogas is used as argument for increased animal husbandry. A biotech company develops enzymes for processing of biomass for second generation biofuels, which has obtained some support, while others see this as merely âgreen-washingâ of the present transportation system. The controversies originate in different views on sustainable land use and on strategies for global equity. The discussion identifies how mechanisms of path dependency and path creation are influencing the way bioenergy is used and proposed to be used in the future. Governance processes in relation to the controversies are identified (governmental command, market creation and networking)
DĂ©pendance Ă la trajectoire et crĂ©ation dâune trajectoire dans les controverses sur la sphĂšre bioĂ©nergĂ©tique au Danemark
Au Danemark, les controverses sur la bioĂ©nergie sont analysĂ©es sous lâangle de la transition durable et dans lâoptique de soutenir lâutilisation de la bioĂ©nergie par des sociĂ©tĂ©s industrialisĂ©es dans la perspective de lâabandon dâun systĂšme reposant sur des sources fossiles. Ces analyses sâappuient sur le concept de sphĂšre du dĂ©veloppement (Arena of Development, AOD) pour examiner comment les acteurs interagissent et façonnent les controverses, parallĂšlement Ă lâexploration des processus de gouvernance en jeu. La bioĂ©nergie occupe une place centrale dans la stratĂ©gie nationale actuelle du Danemark face au changement climatique, mais certaines controverses opposent plusieurs catĂ©gories de parties prenantes Ă propos des sources de biomasse, des volumes et des consĂ©quences de lâutilisation de la bioĂ©nergie pour lâenvironnement. Ainsi, les producteurs dâĂ©nergie convertissent les centrales au charbon Ă de la biomasse importĂ©e, afin que ces installations puissent continuer de jouer un rĂŽle dans la transition vers des Ă©nergies renouvelables ; de leur cĂŽtĂ©, des organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) affirment que cette pratique ne permettra pas une rĂ©duction des Ă©missions. Les agriculteurs considĂšrent que le lisier permet de produire du biogaz et que cette utilisation attĂ©nue lâimpact du changement climatique ainsi que les nuisances dues au lisier ; Ă lâinverse, les ONG craignent que le biogaz issu du lisier ne serve dâargument en faveur dâune expansion de lâĂ©levage. Une sociĂ©tĂ© de biotechnologie dĂ©veloppe des enzymes pour transformer de la biomasse qui servira Ă produire des biocarburants de deuxiĂšme gĂ©nĂ©ration, et son projet a recueilli un certain soutien ; en revanche, aux yeux dâautres acteurs, il ne sâagit que dâun Ă©coblanchiment (green-washing) du systĂšme de transports actuel. Ces controverses naissent de points de vue divergents sur lâaffectation durable des terres et sur les stratĂ©gies propices Ă lâĂ©quitĂ© dans le monde. La discussion montre comment les mĂ©canismes de dĂ©pendance Ă la trajectoire et de crĂ©ation dâune trajectoire influencent la maniĂšre dont la bioĂ©nergie est utilisĂ©e aujourdâhui et pourrait lâĂȘtre demain. Elle met au jour les processus de gouvernance liĂ©s aux controverses (dĂ©cisions Ă©tatiques, crĂ©ation dâun marchĂ© et rĂ©seaux).Danish bioenergy controversies are analysed from a sustainable transition perspective and as a case on industrialized societiesâ use of bioenergy as part of the transition away from an energy system built on fossil energy. The analyses are based on the concept of Arena of Development for analyses of how actors are interacting and shaping controversies, combined with analyses of the involved governance processes. Bioenergy has a central role in the current national Danish climate strategy, but there are controversies involving several types of stakeholders over biomass sources and amounts and the environmental impacts of using bioenergy: Energy companies convert coal fired power plants into imported biomass to sustain the role of these power plants in the transition towards renewable energy, while some NGOs claim that this practice will not reduce emissions. Farmers see slurry as a source for biogas and a measure to reduce climate impact and nuisances from slurry, while NGOs fear slurry-based biogas is used as argument for increased animal husbandry. A biotech company develops enzymes for processing of biomass for second generation biofuels, which has obtained some support, while others see this as merely âgreen-washingâ of the present transportation system. The controversies originate in different views on sustainable land use and on strategies for global equity. The discussion identifies how mechanisms of path dependency and path creation are influencing the way bioenergy is used and proposed to be used in the future. Governance processes in relation to the controversies are identified (governmental command, market creation and networking)
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