Effect of Active and Passive Exposure to Cigarette Smoke on Lipid Profile of Children and Adolescents; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: The present systematic review and meta-analysis is designed in order to assess the association between passive and active smoking and lipid profile of children and adolescents. Materials and Methods:  An extensive search was done in databases of Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus and CINAHL until October 2017. Two independent researchers screened articles and in the next step, full texts of probably relevant articles were read and summarized. At the end, results of mentioned studies were pooled and a standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was reported. Results: Data from 17 studies (containing 41619 children and adolescents; age group between 4 and 18 years old; 51.72% boys) were entered. Comparing serum level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) in two groups of exposed and non-exposed to cigarette smoking showed that active exposure (SMD= -0.40, 95% CI: -0.59 to -0.21) and passive exposure to cigarette smoke (SMD= -0.18, 95% CI: -0.30 to -0.06) decreases the serum level of mentioned lipoprotein. Additionally, active exposure to cigarette smoke (SMD=0.16, 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.27) causes a modest increase in serum level of triglyceride. However, cigarette smoke exposure does not have any effect on the level of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL). Conclusion: The present meta-analysis showed that exposure to cigarette smoke leads to a significant decrease in the level of HDL and triglyceride but, it does not have any effect of the level of total cholesterol and LDL in children and adolescents

Comparison of concomitant use of water pipe and cigarette to exclusive cigarette smoking

Background In spite of increasing prevalence of concomitant use of water pipe and cigarette there is no enough information in this field. So the concomitant use of water pipe and cigarette and its comparison to only cigarette smoking were evaluated in this study. Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out through stratified multistage sampling in several districts of Tehran. The trained interviewers collected the data about water pipe and cigarette smoking by going to the houses randomly. Results The study had 1830 participants among which 243 participants only consumed water pipe, 120 cases only smoked cigarette and 76 cases (4.2%) were dual users.There was no significant difference in both groups by sex. The mean age of dual users and exclusive cigarette smokers were 33.1±11.3 and 46±16.5 years respectively (p≤0.001). Comparing to cigarette smokers (35.2%), most of the dual users (64.7%) believed that water pipe is not addictive (p=0.001). 13.2% of dual users and 5.3% of cigarette users believed that water pipe smoking is safer than cigarette smoking(p< 000). While 54.1% of dual users and 78.5% of cigarette smokers believed that waterpipe consumption could cause serious diseases. Conclusions Younger age and misconception about safety of water-pipe in comparison to cigarette were significantly more in dual users than exclusive cigarette users. It is necessary to promote the knowledge about harms of water-pipe smoking in society especially among youth

بررسی ارتباط مصرف قلیان با سرطان ریه

Introduction Considering that Tobacco smoking is one of the main risk factors for lung cancer, many studies have been conducted in this field but there are few studies on the relationship between hookah and this type of cancer. In this study the relationship between water pipe smoking and lung cancer was evaluated. Method This case control study has been done on 70 hospitalized cases with diagnosed lung cancer in Massih Daneshvari hospital and 70 healthy individuals as control group who were matched with the patients in terms of age and sex. Data collection was a standard questionnaire. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS software. Results: 134 participants (65 in case group and 69 in control group) participated in the study). The mean age of the case group was 59.7 SD=9 and the mean age of the control group was 58.5±9. Seven patients (11.1%) were hookah user and in the control group, 4 (6.05%) were hookah user. p&lt;0.001 In case group 38(58. 5%) persons were cigarette smokers compare with 29(31. 9%) cigarette smokers in the control group . p=0.001 Conclusion: According to the results, there is significant relationship between Hookah smoking and lung cancer.&nbsp; Considering increase water pipe smoking, among people this type of tobacco smoking could be a main risk factor for lung cancer

Association between cigarette smoking and suicide in psychiatric inpatients

Introduction Cigarette smoking is the single largest preventable cause of death and disability in the industrialized world and it causes at least 85% of lung cancers, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. In addition smokers are at a higher risk from psychiatric co-morbid illness such as depression and completed suicide. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey in which we targeted all patients with serious mental illness (SMI) who were admitted in Razi mental health Hospital in Tehran, Iran. We recruited 984 participants, who were receiving services from Razi mental health Hospital and hospitalized for at least two days between 21 July to 21 September, 2010. Nine hundred and fifty patients out of this figure were able to participate in our study. Results The final study sample (n = 950) consisted of 73.2% males and 26.8% females. The mean age was 45.31 (SD=13.7). A majority of participants (70%) was smoker. A history of never smoking was present for 25.2% of the study sample; while 4.8% qualified as former smokers and 70.0% as occasional or current smokers. Two hundred and nineteen participants had attempted suicide amongst them 102 (46.6%) once, 37 (16.9%) twice, and 80 (36.5%) attempted more than two times in their life time. In regression model, gender, age, and cigarette consumption were associated with previous suicide attempts and entered the model in this order as significant predictors. Conclusions There is an association of cigarette smoking and suicide attempt in psychiatric inpatients. Current smoking, a simple clinical assessment, should trigger greater attention by clinicians to potential suicidality and become part of a comprehensive assessment of suicide risk

Evaluation of concurrent use of tobacco products (water pipe and cigarettes) and associated factors in adults in Tehran

Background Dual use of tobacco products such as cigarettes and water pipe may be associated with increased risk of nicotine dependence and smoking-related complications. Accurate statistics are not available in this regard in Iran. Thus, this study sought to assess the prevalence of dual cigarette/water pipe smoking and its related factors in Iran. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on Tehran residents over 15 years of age selected via cluster, multi-stage randomized sampling from different geographical districts of Tehran in November and December 2014. The data were collected using the water pipe section of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) questionnaire. Results A total of 1,830 individuals participated in this study; of which, 243 (13.3%) were exclusive water pipe smokers, 76 (4.2%) were dual smokers of cigarettes and water pipe and 120 (6.6%) were exclusive cigarette smokers. Of dual smokers, 86.8% were males and 13.2% were females (P< 0.001). The mean age was 28.01±8.7 yearsin exclusive water pipe smokers and 33.1±1.1 yearsin dual smokers (P< 0.001). Male sex (adj. OR: 3.8) and older age (adj. OR: 1.06) increased the odds of dual smoking. Conclusions The prevalence of dual smoking and exclusive water pipe smoking was 4.2% and 13.3%, respectively. Exclusive cigarette smoking had a prevalence of 6.1%. The frequency of dual smoking of cigarettes and water pipe was considerably high. Dual smokers had a higher mean age than exclusive water pipe smokers and they were mostly males. The mean age at initiation of water pipe smoking in dual smokers was lower than the mean age at the onset of cigarette smoking. In other words, dual smokers started water pipe smoking sooner than cigarette smoking. Future studies with different methodologies are required to further scrutinize the relationship of water pipe and cigarette smoking

Evaluation of Anticancer Activity of Fruit and Leave Extracts from Virus Infected and Healthy Cultivars of Vitis vinifera

Objective: Grape virus diseases are a serious problem in Iran. Leaves and fruits of grape have been used for different purposes like cooking in Iran. The present investigation was carried out to study on the cytotoxic-activities of extracts of fruits and leaves of Vitis vinifera from both virus-free and virus-infected grape cultivars against breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and human embryonic kidney normal cell line (HEK 293).Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the considered grape cultivars were as follows: Rish Baba Sefid, Shahani Ghasre Shirin, Rotabi Zarghan, Asgari Najaf Abad, Fars, Kaj Angor Bojnord, Sarkesh Shiraz and Siahe Zarqan. A real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction (real-time Multiplex PCR) assay was applied to detect virus infected cultivars. The cytotoxic effect of the methanol extracts of different Vitis vinifera varieties on cultured cells was monitored using (3- (4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay at different concentrations (62.5, 125, 250, 500, 750, 1000 μg mL-1).Results: Among these cultivars, Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) along with related symptoms was detected in Siahe Zarqan and Fars. Methanolic extracts of leaves and fruits of Vitis vinifera from both virus free and virus infected cultivars showed a range of limited to moderate cytotoxic activity. However, methanol extract of leaves belonged to virus infected cultivars was found to have strong cytotoxic effect against MDA-MB-231 at different concentrations.Conclusion: Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) can potentially increase the cytotoxicity of grape cultivars

Comparison of Spermatozoa Quality in Male Smokers and Nonsmokers of Iranian Infertile Couples

Abstract Background: Smoking has a negative effect on fertility and sperm quality. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of smoking on sperm quality and the related parameters such as sperm concentration, morphology and motility

A 5-year experience on perinatal outcome of placenta accreta spectrum disorder managed by cesarean hysterectomy in southern Iranian women

Abstract Background We aimed to investigate the risk factors of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorder, management options and maternal and neonatal outcomes of these pregnancies in a resource-limited clinical setting. Methods All women diagnosed with placenta accreta, increta, and percreta who underwent peripartum hysterectomy using a multidisciplinary approach in a tertiary center in Shiraz, southern Iran between January 2015 until October 2019 were included in this retrospective cohort study. Maternal variables, such as estimated blood loss, transfusion requirements and ICU admission, as well as neonatal variables such as, Apgar score, NICU admission and birthweight, were among the primary outcomes of this study. Results A total number of 198 pregnancies underwent peripartum hysterectomy due to PAS during the study period, of whom163 pregnancies had antenatal diagnosis of PAS. The mean gestational age at the time of diagnosis was 26 weeks, the mean intra-operative blood loss was 2446 ml, and an average of 2 packs of red blood cells were transfused intra-operatively. Fifteen percent of women had surgical complications with bladder injuries being the most common complication. Furthermore, 113 neonates of PAS group were admitted to NICU due to prematurity of which 15 (7.6%) died in neonatal period. Conclusion Our findings showed that PAS pregnancies managed in a resource-limited setting in Southern Iran have both maternal and neonatal outcomes comparable to those in developed countries, which is hypothesized to be due to high rate of antenatal diagnosis (86.3%) and multidisciplinary approach used for the management of pregnancies with PAS