The Physics of Sports: a Textbook

This is the full PDF of The Physics of Sports: a Textbook by Professor David R. Heskett, University of Rhode Island Department of Physics. This version of the book does not include answers. A version with answers, as well as all supplemental videos, are available here: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/physicsofsports/ This book is intended to accompany a one-semester general education college science course. It is largely conceptual with some simple quantitative and semi-quantitative content. No previous physics background is necessary. Some math is needed - simple algebra and arithmetic. Questions and exercises are embedded throughout the text. Also included are homework questions and exercises for each chapter. The book may also be appropriate for a high school physics course.https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/physicsofsports/1065/thumbnail.jp

The Physics of Sports: a Textbook (with answers)

This is the full PDF of The Physics of Sports: a Textbook by Professor David R. Heskett, University of Rhode Island Department of Physics. This version of the book includes answers. A version without answers, as well as all supplemental videos, are available here: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/physicsofsports/ This book is intended to accompany a one-semester general education college science course. It is largely conceptual with some simple quantitative and semi-quantitative content. No previous physics background is necessary. Some math is needed - simple algebra and arithmetic. Questions and exercises are embedded throughout the text. Also included are homework questions and exercises for each chapter. The book may also be appropriate for a high school physics course.https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/physicsofsports/1066/thumbnail.jp

Unoccupied electronic structure of Na/Ni(111)

Using the technique of inverse photoemission spectroscopy we have measured the unoccupied electronic states of Na on Ni(111) as a function of Na dose on the Ni(111) surface. An image-potential surface state pinned to the vacuum level shifts towards the Fermi level and disappears for Na coverages greater than 0.07 monolayer (ML). This image state reappears at high coverage, when the Na coverage is larger than 0.6 ML and is detected at 2.4 eV above the Fermi level at 1 ML of Na coverage. A Na-induced state which we assign as the Na 3p level appears for Na coverages above 0.02 ML and shifts down towards the Fermi level with increasing coverage. We compare our results with studies of related systems

The Role of Electric Field and Ultrasonication in the Deposition and Alignment of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks Using Dielectrophoresis

The effects of electric field and ultrasonication on the deposition and alignment of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) across a 10 μm electrode gap have been studied. It was found that a frequency of ~1 MHz of the applied field yields the largest current independent of the magnitude of the voltage or the ultrasonication time of the sample. Increasing the ultrasonication time of a SWCNT solution changes the I-V characteristics of the deposited nanotubes from linear to nonlinear for all the voltages and frequencies of the applied field. Even in the absence of an electric field, SWCNTs bridged the electrode gap up to a critical sonication time which depends on the concentration of nanotubes in the solution

Summary of the Workshop on the Applications of X-Ray Standing Waves in Studies of Surfaces, FiIms, and BuIk MateriaIs

Highlights of the satellite workshop on the technique of x-ray standing waves which preceded the 5th International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation held at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, USA are presented. At the workshop, many applications of the x-ray standing-wave technique were described in both invited and contributed talks. While the predominant use of the XSW technique was to analyze the structure of adsorbates on surfaces, applications in the characterization of thin films, interfaces, clean surfaces, and bulk materials were also presented. Most of the talks concentrated on experimental results, but some theory was also featured

Ion Bombardment of Ni(110) Studied with Inverse Photoemission Spectroscopy and Low-Energy Electron Diffraction

Inverse photoemission spectroscopy (IPES) performed on clean Ni(110) reveals an unoccupied electronic surface state with energy ~ 2.5 eV above the Fermi level for emission near the Ȳ point of the Surface Brillouin Zone. Ion bombardment of the sample creates defects that reduce the intensity of the peak in IPES spectra. Sharp, intense diffraction spots in low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) patterns taken of the clean surface become dimmer after bombardment. Results of these measurements are compared to Monte Carlo simulations of the sputtering process to ascertain the approximate size of clean patches on the sample necessary to sustain the IPES and LEED features. At 170 K, the IPES surface state peak appears closely associated with the population of surface atomic sites contained in clean circular patches of about 50 atoms. The LEED patterns persist to greater degrees of sputtering and are associated with smaller clean patches. Both measurements performed at 300 K indicate significant self-annealing of the sputtering damage

Core-Level Satellite Excitations of K/Al(100) and K/Al(111)

Alkali-metal-induced satellite peaks associated with the K 3p and Al 2p core levels have been measured with photoemission for K/Al(111) and K/Al(100) under both low- and room-temperature preparation conditions. For low-temperature deposition we observedddd loss peaks in good agreement with electron-energy-loss spectroscopy studies of analogous systems which we assign to the excitation of collective plasmonlike modes in the alkali-metal overlayer. For room-temperature preparation conditions, we observed significant changes in the satellite loss structure which we attribute to a decrease or loss of metallic behavior in the alkali-metal layer. We account for some of our results as a change in bonding configuration of the K atoms from on-top-of surface to substitutional adsorption for low versus room-temperature preparations

Core-Level Photoemission and Work-Function Investigation of Na on Cu(110)

Core-level photoemission, low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and work-function change measurements have been carried out to study the coverage dependence of Na/Cu(110) at room temperature. The results of LEED and work-function measurements are qualitatively similar to most other investigations of alkali-metal adsorption on fcc(110) metal surfaces. With LEED, we observed an alkali-metal-induced (1×2) reconstruction at intermediate coverage. We have performed a simple calculation to account for the work-function differences between Na/fcc(110) and Na/fcc(111) metal surfaces. The comparison of coverage-dependent core-level binding-energy shifts between Na/Cu(110) and Na/Cu(111) reveals that a low-coverage plateau in the curve of binding energy vs Na coverage for Na/Cu(110) is associated with the Na-induced reconstruction, and can be accounted for within a localized picture of the reconstruction

Cs-Induced Surface State on GaAs(110)

Cesium adsorption on GaAs(110) has been studied by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy at room temperature in the submonolayer-coverage regime. We report the observation of a Cs-induced surface state in the vicinity of the surface-Brillouin-zone edge. The possible origin of the state is discussed in relation to recent structural observations. The onset of the Cs-induced surface state can be correlated with the appearance of a second Cs 5p core-level emission feature at ∼0.2 monolayer Cs coverage

Unified Behavior of Alkali Core-Level Binding-Energy Shifts Induced by sp Metals

Thin overlayers of Na, K, Rb, and Cs on different sp-metal substrates have been investigated using photoelectron spectroscopy. The alkali core levels show clearly resolved binding-energy shifts between the surface layer, the intermediate layer(s), and the interface layer. The magnitude of these shifts depends on sp metal and on alkali metal. The layer-resolved core-level binding-energy shifts are well reproduced by models based on a thermodynamical description. For three-layer alkali films the core-level binding energy of the intermediate layer is found to exhibit a small but significant shift between different sp-metal substrates. A simple relationship between the core-level binding-energy shift for the interface layer and the difference in rs value between the sp substrate and the adsorbate is shown to exist