5 research outputs found

    Development of hepatic steatosis in male and female mule ducks after respective force-feeding programs

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    Male and female mule ducks were subjected to a force-feeding diet to induce liver steatosis as it is generally done only with male ducks for the production of foie gras. The different biochemical measurements indicated that the course of hepatic steatosis development was present in both sexes and associated with a huge increase in liver weight mainly due to the synthesis and accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes. In livers of male and female ducks, this lipid accumulation was associated with oxidative stress and hypoxia. However, certain specific modifications (kinetics of lipid droplet development and hepatic inflammation) indicate that female ducks may tolerate force-feeding less well, at least at the hepatic level. This is in contradiction with what is generally reported concerning hepatic steatosis induced by dietary disturbances in mammals but could be explained by the very specific conditions imposed by force-feeding. Despite this, force-feeding female ducks seems entirely feasible, provided that the final quality of the product is as good as that of the male ducks, which will remain to be demonstrated in future studies

    Analyse protéomique d'altérations de proprietés sensorielles et technologiques de la viande de dinde

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    Les objectifs de cette Ă©tude sont de caractĂ©riser des altĂ©rations des qualitĂ©s sensorielles et technologiques de la viande de dinde et de mettre en relation ces altĂ©rations avec les caractĂ©ristiques des protĂ©ines musculaires.Nous avons, tout d'abord, sĂ©lectionnĂ© des muscles Pectoralis major (PM) de dindes en fonction de leur couleur. Les propriĂ©tĂ©s sensorielles et technologiques de la viande ne diffĂšrent jamais entre le groupe ayant une couleur " normale " et le groupe ayant une couleur " pĂąle " (expĂ©rience couleur).Dans un deuxiĂšme temps, nous avons essayĂ© d'analyser l'effet de la vitesse de chute du pH post mortem sur la qualitĂ© de la viande issue du PM de dinde. Cet effet a Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ© avec diffĂ©rents types gĂ©nĂ©tiques de dindes : des souches BUT9 (expĂ©riences BUT9.1 et BUT9.2) et BIG6 (expĂ©rience BIG6) comparĂ©es dans des conditions d'abattage commercial ou des souches BUT9 et Label Rouge (expĂ©rience Label) comparĂ©es en gĂ©nĂ©rant artificiellement le dĂ©faut PSE.Nos diffĂ©rentes expĂ©riences montrent que le pouvoir de rĂ©tention en eau et la texture de la viande sont diminuĂ©s lorsque la glycolyse musculaire post mortem est accĂ©lĂ©rĂ©e. Par contre, la couleur de la viande est peu affectĂ©e. Nous avons aussi mis en Ă©vidence des altĂ©rations de protĂ©ines de structure ( -actinine), de protĂ©ines contractiles (actine et chaĂźne lourde de la myosine) et de protĂ©ines sarcoplasmiques (GAPDH, aldolase A, myokinase, ATP synthase et phosphorylase). Le type gĂ©nĂ©tique des dindes ne semble pas ĂȘtre dĂ©terminant dans l'augmentation de l'apparition des dĂ©fauts de qualitĂ© de viande.TOULOUSE-ENSAT-Documentation (315552324) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Caractérisation génétique, phénotypique et protéomique de lignées de poulets locales

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    Pour des espĂšces domestiques communes parmi lesquelles certaines variĂ©tĂ©s, populations ou races sont menacĂ©es d'extinction, le niveau de la population selon laquelle nous devons prendre des mesures est l'objet de recherches dans de nombreux pays. Plusieurs approches ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es et utilisĂ©es pour comprendre les diffĂ©rents aspects qui contribuent Ă  la diffĂ©renciation des races et pour l'Ă©tude des produits dĂ©rivĂ©s. Cette thĂšse se compose de trois contributions. Les objectifs de la premiĂšre concerne l'Ă©tude de la variabilitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique et l'analyse de la structure de la population dans six races locales italiennes de poulet au sein d un projet de conservation. On a analysĂ© vingt marqueurs microsatellites dans 337 animaux appartenant Ă  six diffĂ©rentes races: Ermellinata di Rovigo, Robusta Maculata, Robusta Lionata, PĂ©poi, Padovana et Polverara, une ligne commerciale de poulet a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© comme rĂ©fĂ©rence. On a dĂ©tectĂ©s 120 allĂšles dans l'ensemble de l'Ă©chantillon, avec une valeur moyenne de 5.6 plus ou moins 2.1 allĂšles par locus. Quant aux races locales, l'hĂ©tĂ©rozygotie observĂ©s variaient de 0.240 Ă  0.413 et celle attendus variaient de 0.243 Ă  0.463 pour les races PĂ©poi et Polverara, respectivement. On a observĂ© des Ă©carts de l'Ă©quilibre de Hardy-Weinberg pour cinq races ainsi que pour les croisĂ©s commerciaux. Dans l'ensemble, la dĂ©ficience des hĂ©tĂ©rozygotes dans la population (FIT) rĂ©sultait 0.427, la valeur moyenne de FIS Ă©tait de 0.097, tandis que FST Ă©tait de 0.437, indiquant une forte carence des hĂ©tĂ©rozygotes due surtout Ă  la division en races. On a utilisĂ© les distances de Reynolds pour dessiner un arbre Neighbor-Joining unrooted, duquel la topologie a fournie des informations sur l origine gĂ©nĂ©tique de ces races et a confirmĂ© leur histoire connue. La kinship molĂ©culaire estimĂ©e entre race variait de 0.559 Ă  0.769 en mettant en Ă©vidence un haut valeur de coancestry. L'analyse de la structure a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e pour mettre en Ă©vidence la prĂ©sence de substructures de la population. Les clusters obtenues sĂ©paraient d une maniĂšre nette les animaux en groupes correspondants aux diffĂ©rentes races, sans aucun mĂ©lange. L exception Ă  cette situation Ă©taient les animaux appartenant Ă  la race Polverara, pour laquelle on a rencontrĂ© une structure gĂ©nĂ©tique plus complexe. Les rĂ©sultats ont confirmĂ© l'utilitĂ© des marqueurs molĂ©culaires comme les microsatellites, pour la caractĂ©risation des races locales et de monitorage de la diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique dans les programmes de conservation des animaux domestiques. L'objectif de la deuxiĂšme contribution a Ă©tĂ© de dĂ©crire les caractĂ©ristiques de la carcasse et les caractĂšres qualitatifs de la viande de trois races locales de poulet qui avait, Ă  la maturitĂ©, un poids vif moyens, moyen lĂ©ger et lĂ©ger. En particulier, l'exploitation commerciale des races Ă©tudiĂ©es pourraient permettre de dĂ©velopper et de diversifier l'offre aux consommateurs locaux qui ont besoin de diffĂ©rents produits de volaille. L'expĂ©rience a impliquĂ© 60 poulets mĂąles Ă©levĂ©s dans un systĂšme de production biologique, avec un accĂšs Ă  un espace extĂ©rieur avec l'herbe, dans le but d'Ă©tudier les caractĂ©ristiques de la carcasse et les caractĂšre qualitatifs de la viande de trois races Italiennes avec lente croissance (Ermellinata, Padovana et PĂ©poi). Les animaux ont Ă©tĂ© choisis au hasard Ă  Ă©clore, Ă©levĂ©s ainsi dans les mĂȘmes conditions et abattus Ă  190 jours d'Ăąge. Les animaux ont Ă©tĂ© sectionnĂ©s pour mesurer les caractĂšres qualitatifs de la carcasse, aprĂšs on a analysĂ© des Ă©chantillons de poitrine et de cuisse. La race Ermellinata rĂ©sultait toujours plus lourde que la race Padovana et PĂ©poi, en ce qui concerne le poids vif, le poids de la carcasse et de la cuisse; en outre, il y avait des diffĂ©rences en ce qui concerne le pourcentage de protĂ©ines (Ermellinata > PĂ©poi et Padovana), la shear force (Padovana Padovana and Ermellinata). Les valeurs de luminositĂ© (L *), l'indice de rouge (a *) et indice de jaune (b *), qui font partie du systĂšme de la CIE, montraient une couleur plus claire de viande et plus sombre de peau pour la Padovana par rapport Ă  d autres races. La composition des acides gras de la poitrine Ă©tait similaire entre les espĂšces Ă©tudiĂ©es, alors que le contenu des acides gras saturĂ©s et monoinsaturĂ©s dans la race Ermellinata a Ă©tĂ© respectivement supĂ©rieur et infĂ©rieur Ă  celui des autres races. Enfin, l objectif de la troisiĂšme contribution a Ă©tĂ© l application d une approche protĂ©omique Ă  l'Ă©tude et Ă  la caractĂ©risation des races locales de poulet. L'expriment a impliquĂ© un total de 29 animaux masculins appartenant Ă  des races locales PĂ©poi, Padovana et Ermellinata di Rovigo. On a analysĂ© des Ă©chantillons du muscle pectoral (Pectoralis superficialis). Les fractions contenant la classe de protĂ©ines sarcoplasmiques ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©s en utilisant l'Ă©lectrophorĂšse bidimensionnelle. L'analyse d'image, soutenue par l'analyse statistique, a permis de diffĂ©rencier les individus en groupes selon les similitudes dans l'expression des protĂ©ines. Les individus ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©partis en clusters et en groupes correspondants Ă  la race d appartenance. L analyse SAM a permis l'identification du spot plus importante, dont 10 ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s par spectromĂ©trie de masse en mettant en preuve, bien que prĂ©liminaires, les mĂ©canismes des processus qui rĂ©gissent le processus de diffĂ©renciation entre les races. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© une possible utilisation de la protĂ©omique dans le domaine des Ă©tudes concernant la caractĂ©risation de race, et ainsi que dans le domaine de la traçabilitĂ© de race ou de produits dĂ©rivĂ©s, comme une alternative aux analyses gĂ©nĂ©tiques effectuĂ©es Ă  travers des marqueurs molĂ©culaires.In common domestic species for which varieties, strains or breeds are in danger of extinction, the population levels at which action needs to be taken are object of research in many countries. Different approaches have been developed and exploited to understand the different aspects that contribute to breed differentiation and to study the typical products that originate from them. The thesis is made up of three contributes. The objectives of the first one were to determine genetic variation and to analyze population structure in six Italian local chicken breeds involved in a conservation program. Twenty microsatellite markers were investigated in 337 animals belonging to six breeds: Ermellinata di Rovigo, Robusta Maculata, Robusta Lionata, Pepoi, Padovana and Polverara; a commercial layer cross was used as reference. One-hundred-twelve alleles were detected in the overall population, with a mean number of 5.6 plus or minus 2.1 alleles per locus. For the local breeds, the observed and expected heterozigosity ranged from a minimum of 0.240 to a maximum of 0.413 and from 0.243 to 0.463 for the PĂ©poi and Polverara breeds, respectively. Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has been observed in five breeds and in the commercial cross. The overall population heterozygote deficiency FIT, resulted 0.427, the average FIS 0.097, while FST was 0.437, indicating a high heterozygote deficiency mainly due to breed subdivisions. Reynolds distances were used to draw an unrooted Neighbor-Joining tree, which topology gave information on the genetic origin of these breeds and confirmed their known history. The estimated molecular kinship within breed ranged from 0.559 to 0.769, evidencing high coancestry. Structure analysis was performed to detect the presence of population substructures. Inferred clusters corresponded to the different breeds, without presence of admixture. Exception was the Polverara, for which a more complex genetic structure was found. Obtained results confirmed the usefulness of molecular markers, as microsatellites, to characterize local breeds and to monitor genetic diversity in livestock conservation schemes. The objective of the second contribute was to describe carcass characteristics and qualitative meat traits of three local chicken breeds showing, at maturity, light, medium-light, and medium live weights. By the fact, those breeds could permit to extend and diversify consumer s offer to fit all the local demands in typical diversified poultry products. The experiment involved 60 male chickens reared in an organic production system where housing was an indoor pen with access to a grass paddock was carried out in order to investigate carcass characteristics and qualitative meat traits of three slow-growing Italian local breeds of chicken (Ermellinata, Padovana, and PĂ©poi). Chicks were randomly selected at hatch, raised together under the same conditions, slaughtered at 190 days of age, dissected for carcass traits and meat was stored for subsequent analysis of breast and thigh meat quality. Ermellinata chickens were consistently heavier than Padovana and PĂ©poi chickens for live, carcass, thigh weight and there were differences among breeds for protein percentage (Ermellinata > PĂ©poi and Padovana), shear force (Padovana Padovana and Ermellinata). The CIE system values of lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) evidenced a distinctive darker and lighter colour of Padovana for meat and skin, respectively. Fatty acid composition of breast was similar among the studied breeds, while saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids contents of Ermellinata were higher and lower, respectively than the other breeds. Aim of the third study was to apply a proteomic approach for characterization of local chicken breeds. The experiment involved a total of 29 males of PĂ©poi, Padovana, and Ermellinata local chicken breeds. Samples were taken from breast muscle (Pectoralis superficialis). Sarcoplasmic protein fractions of breast muscle were analysed by bidimensional electrophoresis. Image analysis followed by statistical analysis enabled to differentiate groups of individuals on the similarities of protein expression. Individuals were distinguished into clusters and groups, corresponding to the breed of origin. SAM analysis enabled identification of the most relevant spots; 10 of these were identified by Mass Spectrometry revealing preliminary evidences on the mechanics of the breed differentiation process. Results evidenced a possible utilisation of proteomic approach in the field of breed characterization studies as an alternative to genomic analyses performed using molecular markers, both for breed and product traceability purposes.TOULOUSE-INP (315552154) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Dietary Amino Acid Source Elicits Sex‐Specific Metabolic Response to Diet‐Induced NAFLD in Mice

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    International audienceScope: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a sexually dimorphic disease influenced by dietary factors. Here, the metabolic and hepatic effects of dietary amino acid (AA) source is assessed in Western diet (WD)-induced NAFLD in male and female mice. Methods and results: The AA source is either casein or a free AA mixture mimicking the composition of casein. As expected, males fed a casein-based WD display glucose intolerance, fasting hyperglycemia, and insulin-resistance and develop NAFLD associated with changes in hepatic gene expression and microbiota dysbiosis. In contrast, males fed the AA-based WD show no steatosis, a similar gene expression profile as males fed a control diet, and a distinct microbiota composition compared to males fed a casein-based WD. Females are protected against WD-induced liver damage, hepatic gene expression, and gut microbiota changes regardless of the AA source. Conclusions: Free dietary AA intake prevents the unhealthy metabolic outcomes of a WD preferentially in male mice
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