Beliefs about whether spending implies wealth

Spending is influenced by many factors. One that has received little attention is the meaning that people give to the act of spending. Spending money might imply that someone is relatively wealthy—since they have money to spend—or relatively poor—since spending can deplete assets. We show that people differ in the extent to which they believe that spending implies wealth (SIW beliefs). We develop a scale to measure these beliefs and find that people who more strongly believe that SIW spend their own money relatively lavishly and are, on average, more financially vulnerable. We find correlational evidence for these relationships using objective financial-transaction data, including over 2 million transaction records from the bank accounts of over 2,000 users of a money management app, as well as self-reported financial well-being. We also find experimental evidence by manipulating SIW beliefs and observing causal effects on spending intentions. These results show how underlying beliefs about the link between spending and wealth play a role in consumption decisions, and point to beliefs about the meaning of spending as a fruitful direction for further research

A new perturbation treatment applied to the transport through a quantum dot

Resonant tunnelling through an Anderson impurity is investigated by employing a new perturbation scheme at nonequilibrium. This new approach gives the correct weak and strong coupling limit in $U$ by introducing adjustable parameters in the self-energy and imposing self-consistency of the occupation number of the impurity. We have found that the zero-temperature linear response conductance agrees well with that obtained from the exact sum rule. At finite temperature the conductance shows a nonzero minimum at the Kondo valley, as shown in recent experiments. The effects of an applied bias voltage on the single-particle density of states and on the differential conductances are discussed for Kondo and non-Kondo systems.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, submitted to PRB-Rapid Comm. Email addresses [email protected], [email protected]

Interplay between Coulomb Blockade and Resonant Tunneling studied by the Keldysh Green's Function Method

A theory of tunneling through a quantum dot is presented which enables us to study combined effects of Coulomb blockade and discrete energy spectrum of the dot. The expression of tunneling current is derived from the Keldysh Green's function method, and is shown to automatically satisfy the conservation at DC current of both junctions.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures(mail if you need), use revtex.sty, error corrected, changed titl

Modified Perturbation Theory Applied to Kondo-Type Transport through a Quantum Dot under a Magnetic Field

Linear conductance through a quantum dot is calculated under a finite magnetic field using the modified perturbation theory. The method is based on the second-order perturbation theory with respect to the Coulomb repulsion, but the self-energy is modified to reproduce the correct atomic limit and to fulfill the Friedel sum rule exactly. Although this method is applicable only to zero temperature in a strict sense, it is approximately extended to finite temperatures. It is found that the conductance near electron-hole symmetry is suppressed by the application of the magnetic field at low temperatures. Positive magnetoconductance is observed in the case of large electron-hole asymmetry.Comment: 4pages, 5 figure

Transport through Quantum Dots: Analytic Results from Integrability

Recent experiments have probed quantum dots through transport measurements in the regime where they are described by a two lead Anderson model. In this paper we develop a new method to analytically compute for the first time the corresponding transport properties. This is done by using the exact solvability of the Anderson Hamiltonian, together with a generalization of the Landauer-Buttiker approach to integrable systems. The latter requires proper identification of scattering states, a complex and crucial step in our approach. In the Kondo regime, our results include the zero-field, finite temperature linear response conductance, as well as the zero-temperature, non-equilibrium conductance in an applied Zeeman field.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

On the Inequivalence of Weak-Localization and Coherent Backscattering

We define a current-conserving approximation for the local conductivity tensor of a disordered system which includes the effects of weak localization. Using this approximation we show that the weak localization effect in conductance is not obtained simply from the diagram corresponding to the coherent back-scattering peak observed in optical experiments. Other diagrams contribute to the effect at the same order and decrease its value. These diagrams appear to have no semiclassical analogues, a fact which may have implications for the semiclassical theory of chaotic systems. The effects of discrete symmetries on weak localization in disordered conductors is evaluated and and compared to results from chaotic scatterers.Comment: 24 pages revtex + 12 figures on request; hub.94.

Many Body Effects on Electron Tunneling through Quantum Dots in an Aharonov-Bohm Circuit

Tunneling conductance of an Aharonov-Bohm circuit including two quantum dots is calculated based on the general expression of the conductance in the linear response regime of the bias voltage. The calculation is performed in a wide temperature range by using numerical renormalization group method. Various types of AB oscillations appear depending on the temperature and the potential depth of the dots. Especially, AB oscillations have strong higher harmonics components as a function of the magnetic flux when the potential of the dots is deep. This is related to the crossover of the spin state due to the Kondo effect on quantum dots. When the temperature rises up, the amplitude of the AB oscillations becomes smaller reflecting the breaking of the coherency.Comment: 21 pages, 11 PostScript figures, LaTeX, uses jpsj.sty epsbox.st

Kondo effect in a magnetic field and the magnetoresistivity of Kondo alloys

The effect of a magnetic field on the spectral density of a $\rm{S=1/2}$ Kondo impurity is investigated at zero and finite temperatures by using Wilson's numerical renormalization group method. A splitting of the total spectral density is found for fields larger than a critical value $H_{c}(T=0)\approx 0.5 T_{K}$, where $T_{K}$ is the Kondo scale. The splitting correlates with a peak in the magnetoresistivity of dilute magnetic alloys which we calculate and compare with the experiments on $\rm{Ce_{x}La_{1-x}Al_{2}}, x=0.0063$. The linear magnetoconductance of quantum dots exhibiting the Kondo effect is also calculated.Comment: 4 pages, 4 eps figure