Characterization of Trapped Lignin-Degrading Microbes in Tropical Forest Soil

Lignin is often the most difficult portion of plant biomass to degrade, with fungi generally thought to dominate during late stage decomposition. Lignin in feedstock plant material represents a barrier to more efficient plant biomass conversion and can also hinder enzymatic access to cellulose, which is critical for biofuels production. Tropical rain forest soils in Puerto Rico are characterized by frequent anoxic conditions and fluctuating redox, suggesting the presence of lignin-degrading organisms and mechanisms that are different from known fungal decomposers and oxygen-dependent enzyme activities. We explored microbial lignin-degraders by burying bio-traps containing lignin-amended and unamended biosep beads in the soil for 1, 4, 13 and 30 weeks. At each time point, phenol oxidase and peroxidase enzyme activity was found to be elevated in the lignin-amended versus the unamended beads, while cellulolytic enzyme activities were significantly depressed in lignin-amended beads. Quantitative PCR of bacterial communities showed more bacterial colonization in the lignin-amended compared to the unamended beads after one and four weeks, suggesting that the lignin supported increased bacterial abundance. The microbial community was analyzed by small subunit 16S ribosomal RNA genes using microarray (PhyloChip) and by high-throughput amplicon pyrosequencing based on universal primers targeting bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic communities. Community trends were significantly affected by time and the presence of lignin on the beads. Lignin-amended beads have higher relative abundances of representatives from the phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria compared to unamended beads. This study suggests that in low and fluctuating redox soils, bacteria could play a role in anaerobic lignin decomposition

[Fe-Fe] hydrogenase models: Iron(I)-carbonyl clusters coupled to alpha- and para-toluenethiolate ligands

Two linkage isomers composing of diironhexacarbonyl clusters coupled to α and p-toluenethiolate ligands have been usefully prepared in moderate yields. The composition of both compounds, [(μ2-(p-toluenethiolato))2Fe2(CO)6] (1) and [(μ2-(α-toluenethiolato))2Fe2(CO)6] (2), have been determined by elemental analysis and NMR spectroscopy. A tetrairondodecacarbonyl complex, [μ4-S(μ2-(α-toluenethiolato)Fe2(CO)6)2] (3), was isolated from the reaction mixture of 2. The molecular structures of 2 and 3 determined by X-ray diffraction are discussed. An exploration of the influence of the α- and p-toluenethiolate ligands on the electronic and electrochemical properties of the iron-carbonyl units have been accomplished using infrared spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. In the presence of acetic acid, compounds 1, 2 and 3 catalyze the electrochemical generation of molecular hydrogen. The proton reduction overpotentials for compounds 1 and 2 were determined to be 0.76 V and 0.85 V versus Fc/Fc+ respectively in acetonitrile as solvent. Comparatively, compound 1 produces hydrogen at an overpotential 90 mV lower than compound 2

[Fe-Fe] Hydrogenase Models: Iron(I)-Carbonyl Clusters Coupled To Alpha- and Para-Toluenethiolate Ligands

Two linkage isomers composing of diironhexacarbonyl clusters coupled to α and p-toluenethiolate ligands have been usefully prepared in moderate yields. The composition of both compounds, [(μ2-(p-toluenethiolato))2Fe2(CO)6] (1) and [(μ2-(α-toluenethiolato))2Fe2(CO)6] (2), have been determined by elemental analysis and NMR spectroscopy. A tetrairondodecacarbonyl complex, [μ4-S(μ2-(α-toluenethiolato)Fe2(CO)6)2] (3), was isolated from the reaction mixture of 2. The molecular structures of 2 and 3 determined by X-ray diffraction are discussed. An exploration of the influence of the α- and p-toluenethiolate ligands on the electronic and electrochemical properties of the iron-carbonyl units have been accomplished using infrared spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. In the presence of acetic acid, compounds 1, 2 and 3 catalyze the electrochemical generation of molecular hydrogen. The proton reduction overpotentials for compounds 1 and 2 were determined to be 0.76 V and 0.85 V versus Fc/Fc+ respectively in acetonitrile as solvent. Comparatively, compound 1 produces hydrogen at an overpotential 90 mV lower than compound 2