Plasmonic mode interferences and Fano resonances in Metal-Insulator-Metal nanostructured interface OPEN

International audienceMetal-insulator-metal systems exhibit a rich underlying physics leading to a high degree of tunability of their spectral properties. We performed a systematic study on a metal-insulator-nanostructured metal system with a thin 6 nm dielectric spacer and showed how the nanoparticle sizes and excitation conditions lead to the tunability and coupling/decoupling of localized and delocalized plasmonic modes. We also experimentally evidenced a tunable Fano resonance in a broad spectral window 600 to 800 nm resulting from the interference of gap modes with white light broad band transmitted waves at the interface playing the role of the continuum. By varying the incident illumination angle shifts in the resonances give the possibility to couple or decouple the localized and delocalized modes and to induce a strong change of the asymmetric Fano profile. All these results were confirmed with a crossed comparison between experimental and theoretical measurements, confirming the nature of different modes. The high degree of control and tunability of this plasmonically rich system paves the way for designing and engineering of similar systems with numerous applications. In particular, sensing measurements were performed and a figure of merit of 3.8 was recorded ranking this sensor among the highest sensitive in this wavelength range. Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) and Localized surface plasmon (LSP) have attracted numerous researchers due to their high technological potential. SPP's are surface waves confined near a metal dielectric interface that can propagate over large distances 1 , making them appealing for applications in biosens-ing 2,3. On the other hand LSP resonances can be defined as the localized resonance condition that massively enhances the electromagnetic field in the vicinity of a metal nanoparticle (NP), when the NP have dimensions much smaller than the excitation wavelength 4. LSP resonance is very sensitive to changes in the NP's dimensions, the dielectric constant of the surrounding media and the nature of the substrate. Because of intense local electrical field enhancements and sharp resonance excitation peaks, metallic NPs are of great interest for applications in surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) 5 , chemical and biological sensors 3,6 , cancer treatment 7 and light harvesting 8–10. Recently, strong attention was paid to the potentials of SPP and LSP combinations by investigating metallic NPs on top of metallic thin films. Several studies on such systems have indeed shown the coupling and hybridization between localized and delocalized modes, and the effect of the thickness of the dielectric spacer. Those works have revealed that such coupled systems exhibit enhanced optical properties and larger tunability of their spectral properties compared to uncoupled systems 1,4,11–2

Implication du PTS dans la régulation de PrfA, activateur transcriptionnel des gènes de virulence de Listeria monocytogenes

The activity of the Listeria monocytogenes transcription activator PrfA, which is required for the expression of several virulence genes, including the hemolysin-encoding hly, is inhibited by the presence of glucose, fructose and other rapidly metabolizable carbon sources. This inhibition is not mediated via the main carbon catabolite repression mechanism operative in Gram-positive bacteria, since inactivation of the catabolite control protein A (CcpA) did not prevent repression of virulence genes by the above sugars. We used a Bacillus subtilis strain (BUG1199) containing the prfA gene under control of an IPTG-inducible promoter and the lacZ reporter gene fused to the PrfA-activated L. monocytogens hly promoter to test whether the catabolite co-repressor P-Ser-HPr might be involved in PrfA regulation. Indeed, accumulation of P-Ser-HPr in an hprK mutant (hprKV267F) producing HPr kinase/phosphorylase (HprK/P) with normal kinase, but almost no phosphorylase activity strongly inhibited transcription activation by PrfA even in the absence of a repressing sugar. In response to the concentration of certain metabolites, the bifunctional HprK/P either phosphorylates HPr at Ser-46 (kinase function) or dephosphorylates P-Ser-HPr (phosphorylase function). Preventing the formation of P-Ser-HPr in the hprKV267F mutant by replacing Ser-46 in HPr with an alanine restored PrfA activity. In contrast, inactivation of crh, which encodes a HPr homologue that also becomes phosphorylated at Ser-46, did not enhance PrfA activity. PrfA in the hprKV267F mutant also remained inactive when the ccpA gene was mutated. In fact, disruption of ccpA in the hprK wild-type strain BUG1199 also led to the inactivation of PrfA, which is in agreement with previous findings that ccpA mutants contain large amounts of P-Ser-HPr similar to the hprKV267F mutant. It therefore seems that elevated concentrations of P-Ser-HPr due either to growth on rapidly metabolisable carbon sources or to specific mutations directly or indirectly inhibit PrfA activity. To carry out its catalytic function in sugar transport, HPr of the phosphotransferase system (PTS) is also phosphorylated by phosphoenolpyruvate and enzyme I at His-15. However, P-Ser-HPr is only very slowly phosphorylated by enzyme I, which probably accounts for PrfA inhibition. In agreement with this concept, disruption of the enzyme I- or HPr-encoding genes also strongly inhibited PrfA activity. PrfA activity therefore seems to depend on a fully functional PTS phosphorylation cascade.L'activité de PrfA, régulateur transcriptionnel de nombreux gènes de virulence de Listeria monocytogenes, dont hly, est inhibée par des sucres rapidement métabolisés comme le glucose et le fructose. Cette inhibition ne suit pas le mécanisme général de répression catabolique des firmicutes, car l'inactivation de ccpA (catabolite control protein A) ne lève pas la répression de l'expression des gènes de virulence exercée par le glucose ou le fructose. Dans le but de tester si le co-répresseur P-Ser-HPr serait impliqué dans la régulation de l'activité de PrfA, nous avons utilisé la souche BUG1199 de B. subtilis, qui contient intégrés à son génome, prfA sous contrôle du promoteur pspac qui est inductible à l'IPTG, et la fusion hly-lacZ. La formation de la P-Ser-HPr requiert l'intervention d'une enzyme bifonctionnelle l'HPr kinase/phosphorylase (HPrK/P), qui en fonction de la concentration de certains métabolites, soit phosphoryle HPr sur sa Ser-46, soit déphosphoryle la P-Ser-HPr. L'allèle hprKV267F codant pour une HPrK/P qui a conservé une activité kinase normale mais ne possédant quasiment plus d'activité phosphorylase, favorise l'accumulation de la P-Ser-HPr dans la cellule. L'introduction de la mutation hprKV267F dans BUG1199 inhibe fortement l'activité de PrfA. La substitution dans HPr de la Ser-46 par une alanine empêche la formation de la P-Ser-HPr et restaure l'activité de PrfA, alors que l'inactivation de CcpA n'a aucun effet. Cependant l'interruption de ccpA dans BUG1199 à hprK sauvage, inhibe l'activité de PrfA. Cette répression de l'activité de PrfA dans le mutant ∆ccpA est probablement due aussi à l'accumulation de P-Ser-HPr dans la cellule, car elle est levée lorsque la Ser-46 dans HPr est remplacée par une alanine. Outre sa phosphorylation sur la Ser-46, HPr est également phosphorylée sur son His-15 par l'enzyme I (EI) via la cascade de phosphorylation PEP-dépendante du PTS (Phosphoenolpyruvate carbohydrate phosphoTransferase System). Cependant la P-Ser-HPr est un mauvais substrat pour l'EI, ce qui favorise probablement l'inhibition de PrfA. En effet, l'interruption des gènes codant pour HPr et/ou EI, inhibe également l'activité de PrfA. Ainsi pour être active, PrfA a besoin d'un PTS fonctionnel

P-Ser-HPr--a link between carbon metabolism and the virulence of some pathogenic bacteria

International audienceHPr kinase/phosphorylase phosphorylates HPr, a phosphocarrier protein of the phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system, at serine-46. P-Ser-HPr is the central regulator of carbon metabolism in Gram-positive bacteria, but also plays a role in virulence development of certain pathogens. In Listeria monocytogenes, several virulence genes, which depend on the transcription activator PrfA, are repressed by glucose, fructose, etc., in a catabolite repressor (CcpA)-independent mechanism. However, the catabolite co-repressor P-Ser-HPr was found to inhibit the activity of PrfA. In an hprKV267F mutant, in which most of the HPr is transformed into P-Ser-HPr, PrfA was barely active. The ptsH1 mutation (Ser-46 of HPr replaced with an alanine) prevented the inhibitory effect of the hprKV267F mutation. Interestingly, disruption of ccpA also inhibited PrfA activity. This effect is probably also mediated via P-Ser-HPr, since ccpA disruption leads to elevated amounts of P-Ser-HPr. Indeed, a ccpA ptsH1 double mutant exhibited normal PrfA activity. In S. pyogenes, the expression of several virulence genes depends on the transcription activator Mga. Interestingly, the mga promoter is preceded by an operator site, which serves as target for the CcpA/P-Ser-HPr complex. Numerous Gram-negative pathogens also contain hprK, which is often organised in an operon with transcription regulators necessary for the development of virulence, indicating that in these organisms P-Ser-HPr also plays a role in pathogenesis. Indeed, inactivation of Neisseria meningitidis hprK strongly diminished cell adhesion of this pathogen

How seryl-phosphorylated HPr inhibits PrfA, a transcription activator of Listeria monocytogenes virulence genes

International audienceListeria monocytogenes PrfA, a transcription activator for several virulence genes, including the hemolysin-encoding hly, is inhibited by rapidly metabolizable carbon sources (glucose, fructose, etc.). This inhibition is not mediated via the major carbon catabolite repression mechanism of gram-positive bacteria, since inactivation of the catabolite control protein A (CcpA) did not prevent the repression of virulence genes by the above sugars. In order to test whether the catabolite co-repressor P-Ser-HPr might be involved in PrfA regulation, we used a Bacillus subtilis strain (BUG1199) containing L. monocytogenes prfA under control of pspac and the lacZ reporter gene fused to the PrfA-activated hly promoter. Formation of P-Ser-HPr requires the bifunctional HPr kinase/phosphorylase (HprK/P), which, depending on the concentration of certain metabolites, either phosphorylates HPr at Ser-46 or dephosphorylates P-Ser-HPr. The hprKV267F allele codes for an HprK/P leading to the accumulation of P-Ser-HPr, since it has normal kinase, but almost no phosphorylase activity. Interestingly, introducing hprKV267F into BUG1199 strongly inhibited transcription activation by PrfA. Preventing the accumulation of P-Ser-HPr in the hprKV267F mutant by replacing Ser-46 in HPr with an alanine restored PrfA activity, while ccpA inactivation had no effect. Interestingly, disruption of ccpA in the hprK wild-type strain BUG1199 also led to inhibition of PrfA. The lowered lacZ expression in the ccpA strain is probably also due to elevated amounts of P-Ser-HPr, since it disappeared when Ser-46 in HPr was replaced with an alanine. To carry out its catalytic function in sugar transport, HPr of the phosphotransferase system (PTS) is also phosphorylated by phosphoenolpyruvate and enzyme I at His-15. However, P-Ser-HPr is only very slowly phosphorylated by enzyme I, which probably accounts for PrfA inhibition. In agreement with this concept, disruption of the enzyme I- or HPr-encoding genes also strongly inhibited PrfA activity. PrfA activity therefore seems to depend on a fully functional PTS phosphorylation cascade

The TWEAK/Fn14 pathway is required for calcineurin inhibitor toxicity of the kidneys.

Calcineurin inhibitor toxicity (CNT) is a frequent occurrence in transplanted renal grafts and autochthone kidneys from patients undergoing long-term treatment with calcineurin inhibitors, notably cyclosporin A (CsA) and tacrolimus. Here, we show an indispensable role of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFS) molecule TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) (TNFSF12) in the pathogenesis of acute CNT lesions in mice. A deficiency in TWEAK resulted in limited tubulotoxicity after CsA exposure, which correlated with diminished expression of inflammatory cytokines and reduced intraparenchymal infiltration with immune cells. We further identified tubular epithelial cells of the kidney as major targets of CsA activity and found that Fn14 (tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 12A), the receptor for TWEAK, is a highly CsA-inducible gene in these cells. Correlating with this, CsA pretreatment sensitized tubular epithelial cells specifically to the pro-inflammatory activities of recombinant TWEAK in vitro. Moreover, injection of rTWEAK alone into mice induced moderate disease similar to CsA, and rTWEAK combined with CsA resulted in synergistic nephrotoxicity. These findings support the importance of tubular epithelial cells as cellular targets of CsA toxicity and introduce TWEAK as a critical contributor to CNT pathogenesis

Enhanced gold film coupled graphene based plasmonic nanosensors

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Enhanced gold film coupled graphene based plasmonic nanosensors

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Interaction between Metallic Nanoparticles and monolayer graphene and its effect on LSP resonances

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