22 research outputs found

    Binokulare EigenbewegungsschĂ€tzung fĂŒr Fahrerassistenzanwendungen

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    Driving can be dangerous. Humans become inattentive when performing a monotonous task like driving. Also the risk implied while multi-tasking, like using the cellular phone while driving, can break the concentration of the driver and increase the risk of accidents. Others factors like exhaustion, nervousness and excitement affect the performance of the driver and the response time. Consequently, car manufacturers have developed systems in the last decades which assist the driver under various circumstances. These systems are called driver assistance systems. Driver assistance systems are meant to support the task of driving, and the field of action varies from alerting the driver, with acoustical or optical warnings, to taking control of the car, such as keeping the vehicle in the traffic lane until the driver resumes control. For such a purpose, the vehicle is equipped with on-board sensors which allow the perception of the environment and/or the state of the vehicle. Cameras are sensors which extract useful information about the visual appearance of the environment. Additionally, a binocular system allows the extraction of 3D information. One of the main requirements for most camera-based driver assistance systems is the accurate knowledge of the motion of the vehicle. Some sources of information, like velocimeters and GPS, are of common use in vehicles today. Nevertheless, the resolution and accuracy usually achieved with these systems are not enough for many real-time applications. The computation of ego-motion from sequences of stereo images for the implementation of driving intelligent systems, like autonomous navigation or collision avoidance, constitutes the core of this thesis. This dissertation proposes a framework for the simultaneous computation of the 6 degrees of freedom of ego-motion (rotation and translation in 3D Euclidean space), the estimation of the scene structure and the detection and estimation of independently moving objects. The input is exclusively provided by a binocular system and the framework does not call for any data acquisition strategy, i.e. the stereo images are just processed as they are provided. Stereo allows one to establish correspondences between left and right images, estimating 3D points of the environment via triangulation. Likewise, feature tracking establishes correspondences between the images acquired at different time instances. When both are used together for a large number of points, the result is a set of clouds of 3D points with point-to-point correspondences between clouds. The apparent motion of the 3D points between consecutive frames is caused by a variety of reasons. The most dominant motion for most of the points in the clouds is caused by the ego-motion of the vehicle; as the vehicle moves and images are acquired, the relative position of the world points with respect to the vehicle changes. Motion is also caused by objects moving in the environment. They move independently of the vehicle motion, so the observed motion for these points is the sum of the ego-vehicle motion and the independent motion of the object. A third reason, and of paramount importance in vision applications, is caused by correspondence problems, i.e. the incorrect spatial or temporal assignment of the point-to-point correspondence. Furthermore, all the points in the clouds are actually noisy measurements of the real unknown 3D points of the environment. Solving ego-motion and scene structure from the clouds of points requires some previous analysis of the noise involved in the imaging process, and how it propagates as the data is processed. Therefore, this dissertation analyzes the noise properties of the 3D points obtained through stereo triangulation. This leads to the detection of a bias in the estimation of 3D position, which is corrected with a reformulation of the projection equation. Ego-motion is obtained by finding the rotation and translation between the two clouds of points. This problem is known as absolute orientation, and many solutions based on least squares have been proposed in the literature. This thesis reviews the available closed form solutions to the problem. The proposed framework is divided in three main blocks: 1) stereo and feature tracking computation, 2) ego-motion estimation and 3) estimation of 3D point position and 3D velocity. The first block solves the correspondence problem providing the clouds of points as output. No special implementation of this block is required in this thesis. The ego-motion block computes the motion of the cameras by finding the absolute orientation between the clouds of static points in the environment. Since the cloud of points might contain independently moving objects and outliers generated by false correspondences, the direct computation of the least squares might lead to an erroneous solution. The first contribution of this thesis is an effective rejection rule that detects outliers based on the distance between predicted and measured quantities, and reduces the effects of noisy measurement by assigning appropriate weights to the data. This method is called Smoothness Motion Constraint (SMC). The ego-motion of the camera between two frames is obtained finding the absolute orientation between consecutive clouds of weighted 3D points. The complete ego-motion since initialization is achieved concatenating the individual motion estimates. This leads to a super-linear propagation of the error, since noise is integrated. A second contribution of this dissertation is a predictor/corrector iterative method, which integrates the clouds of 3D points of multiple time instances for the computation of ego-motion. The presented method considerably reduces the accumulation of errors in the estimated ego-position of the camera. Another contribution of this dissertation is a method which recursively estimates the 3D world position of a point and its velocity; by fusing stereo, feature tracking and the estimated ego-motion in a Kalman Filter system. An improved estimation of point position is obtained this way, which is used in the subsequent system cycle resulting in an improved computation of ego-motion. The general contribution of this dissertation is a single framework for the real time computation of scene structure, independently moving objects and ego-motion for automotive applications.Autofahren kann gefĂ€hrlich sein. Die Fahrleistung wird durch die physischen und psychischen Grenzen des Fahrers und durch externe Faktoren wie das Wetter beeinflusst. Fahrerassistenzsysteme erhöhen den Fahrkomfort und unterstĂŒtzen den Fahrer, um die Anzahl an UnfĂ€llen zu verringern. Fahrerassistenzsysteme unterstĂŒtzen den Fahrer durch Warnungen mit optischen oder akustischen Signalen bis hin zur Übernahme der Kontrolle ĂŒber das Auto durch das System. Eine der Hauptvoraussetzungen fĂŒr die meisten Fahrerassistenzsysteme ist die akkurate Kenntnis der Bewegung des eigenen Fahrzeugs. Heutzutage verfĂŒgt man ĂŒber verschiedene Sensoren, um die Bewegung des Fahrzeugs zu messen, wie zum Beispiel GPS und Tachometer. Doch Auflösung und Genauigkeit dieser Systeme sind nicht ausreichend fĂŒr viele Echtzeitanwendungen. Die Berechnung der Eigenbewegung aus Stereobildsequenzen fĂŒr Fahrerassistenzsysteme, z.B. zur autonomen Navigation oder Kollisionsvermeidung, bildet den Kern dieser Arbeit. Diese Dissertation prĂ€sentiert ein System zur Echtzeitbewertung einer Szene, inklusive Detektion und Bewertung von unabhĂ€ngig bewegten Objekten sowie der akkuraten SchĂ€tzung der sechs Freiheitsgrade der Eigenbewegung. Diese grundlegenden Bestandteile sind erforderlich, um viele intelligente Automobilanwendungen zu entwickeln, die den Fahrer in unterschiedlichen Verkehrssituationen unterstĂŒtzen. Das System arbeitet ausschließlich mit einer Stereokameraplattform als Sensor. Um die Eigenbewegung und die Szenenstruktur zu berechnen wird eine Analyse des Rauschens und der Fehlerfortpflanzung im Bildaufbereitungsprozess benötigt. Deshalb werden in dieser Dissertation die Rauscheigenschaften der durch Stereotriangulation erhaltenen 3D-Punkte analysiert. Dies fĂŒhrt zu der Entdeckung eines systematischen Fehlers in der SchĂ€tzung der 3D-Position, der sich mit einer Neuformulierung der Projektionsgleichung korrigieren lĂ€sst. Die Simulationsergebnisse zeigen, dass eine bedeutende Verringerung des Fehlers in der geschĂ€tzten 3D-Punktposition möglich ist. Die EigenbewegungsschĂ€tzung wird gewonnen, indem die Rotation und Translation zwischen Punktwolken geschĂ€tzt wird. Dieses Problem ist als „absolute Orientierung” bekannt und viele Lösungen auf Basis der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate sind in der Literatur vorgeschlagen worden. Diese Arbeit rezensiert die verfĂŒgbaren geschlossenen Lösungen zu dem Problem. Das vorgestellte System gliedert sich in drei wesentliche Bausteine: 1. Registrierung von Bildmerkmalen, 2. EigenbewegungsschĂ€tzung und 3. iterative SchĂ€tzung von 3D-Position und 3D-Geschwindigkeit von Weltpunkten. Der erster Block erhĂ€lt eine Folge rektifizierter Bilder als Eingabe und liefert daraus eine Liste von verfolgten Bildmerkmalen mit ihrer entsprechenden 3D-Position. Der Block „EigenbewegungsschĂ€tzung” besteht aus vier Hauptschritten in einer Schleife: 1. Bewegungsvorhersage, 2. Anwendung der Glattheitsbedingung fĂŒr die Bewegung (GBB), 3. absolute Orientierungsberechnung und 4. Bewegungsintegration. Die in dieser Dissertation vorgeschlagene GBB ist eine mĂ€chtige Bedingung fĂŒr die Ablehnung von Ausreißern und fĂŒr die Zuordnung von Gewichten zu den gemessenen 3D-Punkten. Simulationen werden mit gaußschem und slashschem Rauschen ausgefĂŒhrt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen die Überlegenheit der GBB-Version ĂŒber die Standardgewichtungsmethoden. Die StabilitĂ€t der Ergebnisse hinsichtlich Ausreißern wurde analysiert mit dem Resultat, dass der „break down point” grĂ¶ĂŸer als 50% ist. Wenn die vier Schritte iterativ ausgefĂŒhrt, werden wird ein PrĂ€diktor-Korrektor-Verfahren gewonnen.Wir nennen diese SchĂ€tzung Multi-frameschĂ€tzung im Gegensatz zur ZweiframeschĂ€tzung, die nur die aktuellen und vorherigen Bildpaare fĂŒr die Berechnung der Eigenbewegung betrachtet. Die erste Iteration wird zwischen der aktuellen und vorherigen Wolke von Punkten durchgefĂŒhrt. Jede weitere Iteration integriert eine zusĂ€tzliche Punktwolke eines vorherigen Zeitpunkts. Diese Methode reduziert die Fehlerakkumulation bei der Integration von mehreren SchĂ€tzungen in einer einzigen globalen SchĂ€tzung. Simulationsergebnisse zeigen, dass obwohl der Fehler noch superlinear im Laufe der Zeit zunimmt, die GrĂ¶ĂŸe des Fehlers um mehrere GrĂ¶ĂŸenordnungen reduziert wird. Der dritte Block besteht aus der iterativen SchĂ€tzung von 3D-Position und 3D-Geschwindigkeit von Weltpunkten. Hier wird eine Methode basierend auf einem Kalman Filter verwendet, das Stereo, Featuretracking und Eigenbewegungsdaten fusioniert. Messungen der Position eines Weltpunkts werden durch das Stereokamerasystem gewonnen. Die Differenzierung der Position des geschĂ€tzten Punkts erlaubt die zusĂ€tzliche SchĂ€tzung seiner Geschwindigkeit. Die Messungen werden durch das Messmodell gewonnen, das Stereo- und Bewegungsdaten fusioniert. Simulationsergebnisse validieren das Modell. Die Verringerung der Positionsunsicherheit im Laufe der Zeit wird mit einer Monte-Carlo Simulation erzielt. Experimentelle Ergebnisse werden mit langen Sequenzen von Bildern erzielt. ZusĂ€tzliche Tests, einschließlich einer 3D-Rekonstruktion einer Waldszene und der Berechnung der freien Kamerabewegung in einem Indoor-Szenario, wurden durchgefĂŒhrt. Die Methode zeigt gute Ergebnisse in allen FĂ€llen. Der Algorithmus liefert zudem akzeptable Ergebnisse bei der SchĂ€tzung der Lage kleiner Objekte, wie Köpfe und Beine von realen Crash-Test-Dummies

    Visual Odometry by Multi-frame Feature Integration

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    This paper presents a novel stereo-based visual odometry approach that provides state-of-the-art results in real time, both indoors and outdoors. Our proposed method follows the procedure of computing optical flow and stereo disparity to minimize the re-projection error of tracked feature points. However, instead of following the traditional approach of performing this task using only consecutive frames, we propose a novel and computationally inexpensive technique that uses the whole history of the tracked feature points to compute the motion of the camera. In our technique, which we call multi-frame feature integration, the features measured and tracked over all past frames are integrated into a single, improved estimate. An augmented feature set, composed of the improved estimates, is added to the optimization algorithm, improving the accuracy of the computed motion and reducing ego-motion drift. Experimental results show that the proposed approach reduces pose error by up to 65 % with a negligible additional computational cost of 3.8%. Furthermore, our algorithm outperforms all other known methods on the KITTI Vision Benchmark data set. 1

    A Robust Approach for Ego-Motion Estimation

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    We propose a robust approach to the problem of ego-motion estimation using a mobile stereo platform. Stereo is computed for every frame obtaining 3D points of the environment. In addition optical flow establishes correspondences between points in successive frames. A smoothness motion constraint is applied in order to detect flow vectors which are inconsistent with the current ego-motion. The optimal rotation and translation between the resulting clouds of static points is then computed using a closed form solution based on unit quaternions,providing the motion between the current and previous frame. Stabilization and a better estimation are achieved computing the observed motion between the current frame and many frames in the past in a multi-frame fashion. The integration of successive movements allows the reconstruction of the travelled path. Experimental results with sequences covering more than 1.5 kilometers of travelled distance are presented and compared with GPS and odometry

    Integrating LIDAR into Stereo for Fast and Improved Disparity Computation

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    Abstract—The fusion of stereo and laser range finders (LIDARs) has been proposed as a method to compensate for each individual sensor’s deficiencies − stereo output is dense, but noisy for large distances, while LIDAR is more accurate, but sparse. However, stereo usually performs poorly on textureless areas and on scenes containing repetitive structures, and the subsequent fusion with LIDAR leads to a degraded estimation of the 3D structure. In this paper, we propose to integrate LIDAR data directly into the stereo algorithm to reduce false positives while increasing the density of the resulting disparity image on textureless regions. We demonstrate with extensive experimental results with real data that the disparity estimation is substantially improved while speeding up the stereo computation by as much as a factor of five. Keywords-stereo; LIDAR; sensor fusion; dynamic programming; disparity space reduction; path promotion; range image

    Real-Time Topometric Localization

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    Abstract — Autonomous vehicles must be capable of localizing even in GPS denied situations. In this paper, we propose a realtime method to localize a vehicle along a route using visual imagery or range information. Our approach is an implementation of topometric localization, which combines the robustness of topological localization with the geometric accuracy of metric methods. We construct a map by navigating the route using a GPS-equipped vehicle and building a compact database of simple visual and 3D features. We then localize using a Bayesian filter to match sequences of visual or range measurements to the database. The algorithm is reliable across wide environmental changes, including lighting differences, seasonal variations, and occlusions, achieving an average localization accuracy of 1 m over an 8 km route. The method converges correctly even with wrong initial position estimates solving the kidnapped robot problem. I
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