Apple and Sugar Feeding in Adult Codling Moths, Cydia pomonella: Effects on Longevity, Fecundity, and Egg Fertility

Attraction of adult codling moths, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), to sweet baits has been well documented. However, beneficial effects of sugar feeding on moth fitness have not been demonstrated. Longevity, fecundity, and egg fertility were examined for female/male pairs of moths maintained with the following food regimens: water, sucrose water, honey water, apple juice, apple flesh, or starved, i.e., no food or water provided. Longevity and total fecundity were enhanced in all treatments relative to the starved treatment moths. Sucrose water, honey water, and apple juice treatments yielded the highest longevity, but total fecundity was highest for moths maintained on honey water or apple juice. Total egg fertility did not differ among treatments. However, egg fertility declined more gradually over the female lifespan for the three aqueous solution diets of sucrose water, honey water, and apple juice. Similarly, fecundity per day declined more gradually over time for honey water and apple juice treatments. Performance of moths maintained with apple flesh was generally intermediate between that of moths with water and the three aqueous solution treatments. This suggests that moths benefit from feeding on ripe apple flesh, although apple may be more difficult to ingest or its nutrients less concentrated compared to aqueous solutions. The results presented here may explain attraction of adult moths to sweet baits as well as to odors from ripe fruit, which may be a natural source of food in the fall

Mortality and Morbidity

Historically, morbidity and mortality rates related to surgery for locally recurrent rectal cancer (LRRC) have been >70% and 30%, respectively [1\u20133]. Because of the excessive operative risks, the benefit of such resections has been questioned and \u2014 although radical operation for LRRC was conceptualized and reported more than 60 years ago \u2014 for years it has not been accepted as being standard procedure. More appropriate selection of candidates for resection due to advances in imaging modalities, improvement in surgical techniques, establishment of specialized multidisciplinary surgical teams, and improvement in quality of perioperative management have resulted in better outcomes in recent years. Currently, mortality rates vary between 0\u20135% at 1 month and 8% at 3 months [4]. The causes of death are mainly disseminated coagulopathies related to prolonged sepsis and blood loss, multiorgan failure, cardiac events, and pulmonary embolism [5, 6]. Morbidity remains significant, ranging from 15 to 68%, and increases with the complexity of resection [7\u201310]. Bleeding is the main and most severe intraoperative complication, and occurs in 0.2\u20139% of cases, and related mortality is high (4%) [11\u201314]. The principal postoperative complications include pelvic abscess (7\u201350%), intestinal obstruction (5\u201310%), enterocutaneous or enteroperineal fistulas (1.2%), perineal wound dehiscence (4\u201324%), and cardiovascular, renal, and pulmonary complications (1\u201320%) [5, 7, 8]