The roots of metaphor: the essence of thought

The essence of metaphor’s reliance on two domains, a source and a target, is argued as stemming from a fundamental characteristic of higher cognition—that of conceptualizing more than one cognitive/embodied domain at the same time. This cognitive duality is argued to underlie a plethora of conceptual activities including comparison, contrast, categorization, as well as metaphorizing. Why “two” domains seems the emergent and optimal means of such meta-cognition, rather than a higher number of domains, which might confer some advantages, is argued to arise from a grand compromise between an extreme necessity of humans to create and rely-upon shared complex meanings, and the complexities in enabling such shared meaning across multiple domains

Irony in Language Use and Communication

Intro -- Irony in Language Use and Communication -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Editors and contributors -- Foreword -- Introduction: The irony of irony -- Overview and contents -- Part I. Interdisciplinary perspectives on irony -- Part II. Irony, thought and (media) communication -- Part III. Approaches to verbal irony -- Part IV. Approaches to studying irony -- Lessons and conclusion -- Conclusion -- References -- Part I. Interdisciplinary perspectives on irony -- Chapter 1. Irony performance and perception: What underlies verbal, situational and other ironies? -- What makes irony? -- Past accounts of verbal and situational irony -- Taking stock and looking ahead -- On the nature of irony underpinnings -- Future directions for irony research -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2. How does irony arise in experience? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ironic language -- 3. Ironic situations -- 4. Ironic experience and thought suppression -- 5. Irony and benign bodily violations -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3. In defense of an ecumenical approach to irony -- Introduction -- 1. The problem of promiscuous application -- 2. The restrictive-ecumenical continuum -- 3. The case for restrictivism -- 4. The inadequacy of restrictivism -- 5. The attractions of an ecumenical approach -- Conclusion: Is an ecumenical approach viable? -- References -- Part II. Irony, thought and (media) communication -- Chapter 4. Introducing a three-dimensional model of verbal irony: Irony in language, in thought, and in communication -- The three-dimensional model of metaphor -- Irony in language -- Irony in thought -- Irony in communication -- Discussion and conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5. On ironic puns in Portuguese authentic oral data: How does multiple meaning make irony work?1. Introduction: What do we understand by irony from a Cognitive Linguistics point of view? -- 2. The first case study: Polysemy of 'Mercedes' in The Mercedes joke -- 3. The second case study (Brazilian Portuguese): Homonymy of 'cremado' in The 'cremado' joke -- 4. Final discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Extra information related to the corpus -- Chapter 6. Irony and sarcasm in follow-ups of metaphorical slogans -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Metaphor and irony -- 3. The heart-of-Europe metaphor in British public discourse 1991-2016 -- 4. Discussion -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Part III. Approaches to verbal irony -- Chapter 7. Irony, pretence and fictively-elaborating hyperbole -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Assumptions about irony and hyperbole -- 3. More on pretence and drama in irony -- 4. The corners of a triangle: Acted speaker, drama's world and real world -- 5. The drama's world and fictively-elaborating hyperbole -- 6. Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8. Cognitive modeling and irony -- 1. Introduction -- 2. A brief overview of approaches -- 3. Echoing -- 4. Ironic echoing -- 5. Contrasting -- 6. Cognitive modeling -- 7. Modeling irony -- 8. Special cases of echoing operations involving irony -- 9. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 9. Irony has a metonymic basis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Verbal irony -- 3. Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part IV. Approaches to studying irony -- Chapter 10. Defaultness shines while affirmation pales: On idioms, sarcasm, and pleasure -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Defaultness Hypothesis -- 3. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 11. The standard experimental approach to the study of irony: Let us not be hasty in throwing out the baby with the bathwaterIrony and the ecological discourse context in which it is found -- Sarcastic irony usage: Compared to what? -- Unpacking the effects of irony -- Concluding statements -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 12. Investigating sarcasm comprehension using eye-tracking during reading: What are the roles of literality, familiarity, and echoic mention? -- Introduction -- Method -- Results -- Discussion -- References -- Appendix A. Echo pre-test -- Appendix B. Familiarity pre-test -- Appendix C. Best fitting models and fixed-effects parameters -- Name index -- Subject indexDescription based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries

Introducing a three-dimensional model of verbal irony: Irony in language, in thought, and in communication

We introduce a three-dimensional model for irony research, which is an extension of Steen’s (2008, 2011) three-dimensional model of metaphor and similarly argues that the study of irony requires three distinct dimensions: (1) language, (2) thought and (3) communication. Irony in language requires the study of irony’s linguistic structure. Irony in thought focuses on the obligatory reversal of evaluation between the propositional and intended meaning of an ironic utterance. Irony in communication, finally, focuses on whether the literal meaning serves as a distinct referent in the meaning of the ironic utterance. Our model brings together contemporary research on irony and metaphor within one framework and can guide and inspire both theoretical and empirical researc

Researching embodied metaphor production through improvisational dance practice

This contribution considers how artistic research based on the development of a form of practice for improvisational dance draws upon, and helps develop, theory from cognitive linguistics and principles from the phenomenology of movement. Dancers given the task of translating the sound of a singer's voice (rather than her words) into bodily actions while a song was played were found (based on their narratives about the experience) to have intuitively employed certain forms of iconicity, image schemas, metaphor, and metonymy as principles for mapping sound qualities to moving one's body (movement processes) and assuming certain poses (products of movements). For example, an extension of the tongue or opening of the jaw is parallel in certain ways to the muscular effort involved in the extension of one's arm, namely via mappings of iconicity between movement of different articulators. The abrupt onset and decay (the aural image [Rhodes, 1994]) of air turbulence coming from a pronounced consonant like 'k' affords understanding in terms of what Stern (1985) calls a vitality affect, allowing us to interpret the quality of plosiveness across the domains of sound, touch, or action. This theoretically-informed improvisational dance practice explores the bases of felt meaning that can give rise to and ground conceptual metaphors based on actions (as well as their corresponding lexicalizations) - an issue explored extensively in R. Gibbs' work