A Cultural Feminism Analysis of Modern Sinhala Poetry of Female Poets Revealed on the Female Cultural Oppression: Resourcing from Poetry of Anuradha Nilmini, Suharshani Dharmarathna and Vipuli Hettiarachchi

Feminism is an expression of female agony and exhibiting their oppression. In modern poets too, female poets exhibit the expression of female agony through their creations. Those female poets try to express the oppression they experienced and all the females as whole through female ideologies. The main focus of this study is the modern female poets are being culturally oppressed. The difference of femininity is inherited from naturally and the gender has been created by the patriarchal culture. Religion, Customs, Marriage, Morals, the system of ownership, Industries are the incidental elements that subjected to suffer culturally according to the female poets represent through radical poetries. According to the modern female poets that are expressed through their creations, females are suffered physically and mentally than ideology suffering. This research studies how the females are suffered from culturally by selected poetries written on modern poets Anuradha Nilmini, Suharshani Dharmarathna and Vipuli Hettiarachchi. This study is qualitative and selected primary recourses as poets of Anuradha Nilmini, Suharshani Dharmarathna and Vipuli Hettiarachchi. And, as secondary resources this research uses literal articles and books that are written under the feminism, culture and female cultural oppression by modern female poets.DOI: http://doi.org/10.31357/fhss/vjhss.v05i01.0

A Comparative Study on Socio-Economic Impact of COVID- 19 Pandemic on Fisheries Industry in Tangalle Divisional Secretariat Division

The COVID-19 pandemic, which has provided the basis for creating a highly problematic environment in every sector of the world today has also had a significant impact on the fisheries industry which is one of the world’s leading economic activities. The main objective of this study was to examine the socio-economic impacts on fisheries industry before and during COVID-19 pandemic situation with special reference to Tangalle Divisional Secretariat Division. The study was based on the four Grama Niladhari Divisions of Kudawella North, Central, South and West associated with the Kudawella Fisheries Harbor. Primary data was collected from a field survey using a semi structured questionnaire from 74 fishing families representing the 75% of the population under stratified random sampling. Paired T test was carried out to test the variables comparatively before and after COVID-19 pandemic to confirm the result statistically. In addition, simple statistical methods were used for the quantitative assessment. Results revealed that the epidemic situation had a significant socio-economic impact on the fishing industry during the COVID-19 pandemic situation such as declining income, growth of indebtedness, disruption of children’s education, mental distress and social stigma. Suggestions were identified to mitigate the impacts. In this context, it was concluded that the COVID-19 epidemic has primarily affected the fisheries industry and as a result, created many socio-economic problems for the fisheries community. DOI: http://doi.org/10.31357/fhss/vjhss.v07i01.0

Development of Nickel-Catalyzed Cycloaddition and Coupling Reactions.

Nickel-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions provide a potentially useful strategy to generate a variety of organic compounds efficiently,regioselectively, chemoselectively, and stereoselectively. The versatility of these types of reactions makes them a powerful tool in organic synthesis. This dissertation mainly focuses on methodology development involving nickel catalysis. In this work, a number of highly selective reactions of readily available precursors, such as alkynes, enals and enones were developed. In one application, a novel, nickel-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition of enals and alkynes was explored. This reaction provides a diastereoselective and chemoselective entry to five-membered rings, which are a common structural motif in many architecturally complex and biologically active natural products. In another application, a novel, nickel-catalyzed intermolecular reductive coupling of enones and alkynes was developed. The key feature of this reaction is the chemoselective coupling of two potential Michael acceptors such as enones and alkynoates. The direct participation of alkynes as an alternative to preparing and handling sensitive vinyl cuprate reagents provides potentially significant improvements in accessing γ,δ-unsaturated ketones. An intriguing, nickel-catalyzed, intermolecular reductive coupling of enals and alkynes has also been developed. The unique features of this reaction are the construction of geometrically pure Z-enol silanes and high functional group tolerance. The direct participation of enals, alkynes and silanes as an alternative to existing methods provides potentially significant improvements in accessing enol silanes. Additionally, this reaction provides direct evidence for the catalytic involvement of a seven-membered oxametallacycle intermediate. A novel, nickel-catalyzed intermolecular three-component coupling of aldehydes, alkynes, and enones has been developed. This new process involves an internal redox mechanism and proceeds in the absence of reducing agents that have previously been required in related nickel-catalyzed couplings. The high extent of chemoselectivity is unusual, particularly for aldehyde, enone, alkyne couplings that involve three different π-components. Together, these new methods provide access to interesting chemical scaffolds and greatly expand the versatility of nickel-catalyzed reactions.Ph.D.ChemistryUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/60689/1/ananda_1.pd

A Comparative Study on Post-Harvest Losses Associated with Upcountry Vegetable before and During COVID -19 Pandemic Situation: A Case of The Welimada Divisional Secretariat Area

Vegetables are essential food items that provide daily nutritional requirements to maintain healthy life for human beings. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain continuous production and supply. The unexpected Covid-19 plague disrupted the production, sale and distribution of vegetables so that producers, traders as well as consumers happened to face unexpected problems. Accordingly, a study was conducted with the main objective to investigate the post harvesting losses associated with upcountry vegetable before and under COVID-19 pandemic situation comparatively. To achieve the main objectives a field survey was carried out by collecting primary data from 16 traders from the Economic Center and 50 farmers from 05 Grama Niladhari Divisions of Welimada divisional secretariat area using stratified sampling technique. Additional information was collected by using interviews with farmers and traders and secondary data. Data was analyzed using quantitative, qualitative methods and paired T tests were performed to confirm the difference between the variables associated with before and during the COVID-19 pandemic statistically. Results reviled that, there was a significant difference (p <0.05) in post-harvest losses coursed at farm, transport and wholesale lelves in marketing of vegetables before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Several factors affected to increase post-harvest losses and there are the harvesting was delayed, number of barriers were faced during transportation, the economic center has been closed for several days, vegetable prices have fallen and wholesales have declined. It can be concluded that the post-harvest damage to upcountry vegetable has been affected by the covid-19 pandemic. DOI: http://doi.org/10.31357/fhss/vjhss.v07i01.0

Range Extension and Vocalisation of Endangered Shrub Frog, Pseudophilautus zorro (Amphibia: Rachophoridae) in Sri Lanka

Gannoruwa shrub frog, Pseudophilautus zorro, is an endemic species known only from four locations in and around Kandy, Gannoruwa forest, home gardens in Triverton estate, Hanthana and Udawaththakele forest reserves. Despite their cryptic nature calling males are conspicuous once identified their vocalisation. Hence, we describe their vocalisation and acoustic characters. We recorded P. zorro from Hanthana (80.6141° E, 7.2497° N; 700 m a.s.l.) and measured six common call characters of 92 calls from four males. We identified four call types based on wave form structure and spectrogram. Type 1 calls were the most frequently emitted call type (93% of 518 calls recorded) having the average call duration 5.1±1.2 mili-seconds. Vocalising frequency of the species ranged between 3,100 Hz and 3,600 Hz. During our field excursions in 2014-2017, we heard similar vocalisation in two sites well away from its known range, Katugasthota (80.6199° E, 7.3302° N; 470 m a.s.l) and Ovilikanda (80.5926° E, 7.4538° E; 470 m a.s.l). We confirm the identity as P. zorro using the morphological characters. Again, on 18th September, 2014 we sighted the species during an excursion to Kukulamalpotha (80.7819° E, 7.5527° N; 460 m a.s.l) in Knuckles reserve. Since the site was very far from the known range of P. zorro, we obtained toe tips from two individuals and confirm their identity genetically by having 0% uncorrected pairwise genetic distance for 16S gene fragment (~510 bp). With three new found locations their Extent of Occurrence and Area of Occupancy has been increased by 14 times (from 20 km2 to 291 km2) and by 2 times (from 16 km2 to 28 km2) respectively. New found populations considerably expanded the species-range and the knowledge of their vocalisation can further use to explore new populations. This study confirms that P. zorro is not restricted as previously thought.Keywords: New population, Bioacoustics, Shrub frogs, Extent of occurrenc

AWARENESS OF USAGE OF SUNSCREENS AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN IN KANDY, SRI LANKA

Objective: The objective of this research was to evaluate the awareness of usage of sunscreens among school children in Kandy, Sri Lanka.Methods: School children (138) who do outdoor sports were recruited from six schools. Knowledge and attitudes towards the usage and application of sunscreens were assessed using a researcher administered questionnaire. Statistical analyses were done using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS version-16).Results: Among the school children who do outdoor sports, 71 (51.4%) of participants used sunscreens and 67 (48.6%) of participants did not use sunscreens.Conclusion: According to the results most of the school children have a lack of knowledge, attitudes and practice towards the usage of sunscreens

Ornamental Fish trade in Sri Lanka: An Economic Perspective

Abstract Exporting of ornamental fish is much lucrative industry in today. Sri Lanka is one of the important country in that contex

Formation primaquine-5, 6-orthoquinone, the putative active and toxic metabolite of primaquine via direct oxidation in human erythrocytes

Copyright © 2019 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Short precorneal residence time and poor transocular membrane permeability are the major challenges associated with topical ocular drug delivery. In the present research, the efficiency of the electrolyte-triggered sol-to-gel-forming system of natamycin (NT) transfersomes was investigated for enhanced and prolonged ophthalmic delivery. Transfersomes were optimized by varying the molar ratios of phospholipid, sorbitan monostearate (Span) and tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS). NT transfersome formulations (FNs) prepared with a 1:1 molar ratio of phospholipid-to-Span and low levels of TPGS showed optimal morphometric properties, and were thus selected to fabricate the in situ gelling system. Gellan gum-based (0.3% w/v) FN-loaded formulations (FNGs) immediately formed an in situ gel in the simulated tear fluid, with considerable viscoelastic characteristics. In vitro cytotoxicity in corneal epithelial cells and corneal histology studies demonstrated the ocular safety and cytocom-patibility of these optimized formulations. Transcorneal permeability of NT from these formulations was significantly higher than in the control suspension. Moreover, the ocular disposition studies of NT, from the FNs and FNGs, in New Zealand male albino rabbits demonstrated the superiority of the electrolyte-sensitive FNGs in terms of NT delivery to the ocular tissues