Grip strength is strongly associated with height, weight and gender in childhood:a cross sectional study of 2241 children and adolescents providing reference values

QuestionWhat are reference values for grip strength in children and adolescents based on a large and heterogeneous study population? What is the association of grip strength with age, gender, weight, and height in this population?DesignCross-sectional study.ParticipantsParticipants were recruited from schools in the northern provinces of the Netherlands. The study included healthy children and adolescents ranging in age from 4 to 15 years.Outcome measuresAll children had their height (cm) and weight (kg) measured and were allowed a total of four attempts using the Jamar hand dynamometer: twice with each hand. Grip strength scores (kg) were recorded for the dominant and non-dominant hands.ResultsThe study population comprised 2241 children and adolescents. Reference values for both genders are provided according to age and dominance. Grip strength shows a linear and parallel progression for both genders until the age of 11 or 12, after which grip strength development shows an acceleration that is more prominent in boys.ConclusionThere is a significant difference in grip strength with each ascending year of age in favour of the older group, as well as a trend for boys to be stronger than girls in all age groups between 4 and 15 years. Weight and especially height have a strong association with grip strength in children

Recovery of strength after reduced pediatric fractures of the forearm, wrist or hand; A prospective study

INTRODUCTION: The way strength recovers after reduction of pediatric fractures of the upper extremity has not previously been the specific scope of research. This is remarkable, since strength measurements are often used as an outcome measure in studies on trauma of the upper extremity. The aim of this study was to evaluate how strength recovers after sustainment of fractures of the forearm, wrist or hand treated by closed or open reduction in children and adolescents in the first 6 months after trauma. How much strength is lost at 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after trauma, and is this loss significant? Are there differences in the pattern of recovery between children who underwent a different treatment? And finally, which of the following factors are associated with an increase in the ratio between affected grip strength and expected strength: type of fracture, cast immobilization, occurrence of complications, and degree of pain? DESIGN: Prospective observational study. PARTICIPANTS: Children and adolescents aged 4-18 years with a reduced fracture of the forearm, wrist or hand. METHODS: Grip strength, key grip and three-jaw chuck grip were measured twice in each hand 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after trauma. Details on fracture type and location, treatment received, cast immobilization and complications were obtained. Hand-dominance and pain were verbally confirmed. RESULTS: Loss of strength was more prominent and prolonged the more invasive the treatment, hence most extensive in the group receiving open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF), intermediate in the group receiving closed reduction with percutaneous pinning (CRIF), and least extensive in the group undergoing closed reduction without internal fixation (CR). Besides time passed, gender and age were of significant influence on strength, although there was no difference in pattern of recovery over time between children who received a different treatment. In the period of 6 weeks to 3 months after trauma, female gender, type of fracture sustained and occurrence of an unwanted event were associated with an increased ratio between affected and expected grip strength. For the later phase of recovery, between 3 and 6 months, this was only true for the occurrence of an unwanted event

The Influence of Hand Preference on Grip Strength in Children and Adolescents; A Cross-Sectional Study of 2284 Children and Adolescents

Introduction In adults the preferred hand is often considered to be around 10% stronger than the non-preferred hand. Whether the same is true for children and adolescents remains unclear. The objective of this study is therefore to determine whether there is a difference in grip strength between the preferred and non-preferred hand in developing children, to establish whether this difference is similar for children of a different gender or hand preference, and whether there is a difference in grip strength of the preferred hand of left-preferent (LP) and right-preferent (RP) children. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants Participants were recruited from schools in the northern provinces of the Netherlands. The study included healthy children and adolescents in the age range of 4-17 years. Outcome Measures Each child was allowed a total of four attempts using the JAMAR hand dynamometer, two attempts with each hand. All individual attempts were scored. Hand preference was determined by asking which hand was used to write, or in the case of 4- and 5-year-olds, which hand was used to draw a shape. Results The study population comprised 2284 children and adolescents. RP boys and girls scored significantly higher with their preferred hand, the difference amounting to 9.5 and 10.1% respectively. LP girls scored significantly higher with their preferred hand, but this difference was only 3.0%. For LP boys no significant difference was found in favor of either hand. LP children score higher with the non-preferred hand and tie scores on both hands more often than RP children. Conclusion The 10% rule of hand preference is applicable to RP children ranging in age between 4 and 17 years, but not to LP children. In contrast to LP boys, LP girls are generally significantly stronger with their preferred hand

Decreased Muscle Strength in Children With Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot:Relation With Exercise Capacity

Background: The aim of this study is to describe muscle strength in pediatric patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot compared with healthy peers and to analyze the correlation between muscle strength and peak oxygen uptake, exercise capacity (mL/min).Methods and Results: A prospective, cross-sectional study was carried out in the University Medical Center Groningen between March 2016 and December 2019, which included 8 -to-19-year-old patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. Exclusion criteria comprised the following: Down syndrome, unstable pulmonary disease and severe scoliosis affecting pulmonary function, neuromuscular disease, and mental or physical limitations that prohibit the execution of the functional tests. Muscle strength was compared with 2 healthy pediatric cohorts from the Northern Netherlands. Handgrip strength, maximal voluntary isometric contraction, and dynamic muscle strength in correlation with peak oxygen uptake, exercise capacity (mL/min) were the main outcomes of the study. The 67 patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (42% female; aged 12.9 [interquartile range, 10.0-16.3] years old) were compared with healthy children. The patients showed reduced grip strength ( z-score [mean±SD] -1.5±1.2, P&lt;0.001), and total muscle strength ( z-score -0.9±1.3, P&lt;0.001). Dynamic strength (Bruininks-Oseretsky test) was significantly reduced ( z-score -0.3±0.8, P=0.001), but running, speed, and agility were normal ( z-score 0.1±0.7, P=0.4). Univariate correlation analyses showed strong correlations between absolute peak oxygen uptake, exercise capacity (mL/min), and muscle strength (grip strength r=0.83, total muscle strength r=0.88; P&lt;0.001). In multivariate analyses, including correction for age and sex, total muscle strength (B 0.3; P=0.009), and forced vital capacity (B 0.5; P=0.02) correlated with peak oxygen uptake, exercise capacity (mL/min), independent of conventional cardiovascular parameters.Conclusions: Children with repaired tetralogy of Fallot show reduced muscle strength, which strongly correlated with their exercise performance. </p

Overview of results: mean grip strength (kg) of both hands according to age, gender and hand preference.

<p>Overview of results: mean grip strength (kg) of both hands according to age, gender and hand preference.</p

Results of comparisons of: A. Score of the preferent versus score of the non-preferent hand. B. Score of the preferent versus score of the non-preferent hand in LP and RP children tested separately. Analyses been performed on group level, according to gender, and finally according to gender and age.

<p>Results of comparisons of: A. Score of the preferent versus score of the non-preferent hand. B. Score of the preferent versus score of the non-preferent hand in LP and RP children tested separately. Analyses been performed on group level, according to gender, and finally according to gender and age.</p

Percentage of children that scored higher, equal, or lower with their preferred hand compared with their non-preferred hand, according to hand preference and gender.

<p>Percentage of children that scored higher, equal, or lower with their preferred hand compared with their non-preferred hand, according to hand preference and gender.</p

Functional recovery after reduced pediatric fractures of the forearm with respect to perceived limitations, common post-traumatic symptoms, range of motion, and dexterity: a prospective study

Purpose Studies on functional recovery after pediatric forearm fractures are scarce. Outcome measures are usually (retrospectively) incorporated to compare treatments. How these parameters recover has only rarely fallen within the scope. Aim was to provide insight into "normal recovery" by evaluating how limitations, post-traumatic symptoms, range of motion (ROM) and dexterity recuperate. Materials and methods Prospective observational study regarding children 4 and 18 years with a reduced forearm fracture. Limitations, post-traumatic symptoms, ROM, and dexterity were evaluated 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months post-trauma. ROM of the unaffected side was used as a baseline. Results Of 54 participants 25.9% and 5.9% perceived limitations after 3 respectively 6 months. Pain, swelling and hypertrichosis were common symptoms. Movements distal from the elbow were restrained 6 weeks post-trauma. Supination and palmar flexion were most affected, followed by dorsal flexion and pronation. Palmar flexion and pronation were still affected after 3 months and associated with treatment invasiveness. Dexterity was diminished at 6 weeks only. Conclusions Mild limitations are common. Further investigation of the association between pain, reduced sensitivity and hypertrichosis with treatment invasiveness is warranted. Regarding ROM supination, pronation, palmar and dorsal flexion should be incorporated in future studies. Dexterity is an unsuitable outcome measure

Muscle strength is reduced in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension

Abstract Muscle strength is decreased in adults with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We aim to investigate muscle strength in children with PAH in relation to a cohort of healthy children, and investigate correlations with disease severity markers. This prospective study included children with PAH aged 4−18 years, who visited the Dutch National Referral Center for Pulmonary Hypertension in Childhood between October 2015 and March 2016. Muscle strength was assessed using handgrip strength and maximum voluntary isometric contractility (MVIC) of four peripheral muscles. Dynamic muscle function was evaluated with the Bruininks−Oseretsky test of motor proficiency (BOT‐2). These measurements were compared with those in two cohorts of healthy children and correlated with 6‐minute walk distance (6MWD), World Health Organization functional class (WHO‐FC), N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), and time since diagnosis. Eighteen children with PAH aged 14.0 [interquartile range: 9.9−16.0] years showed reduced muscle strength. Handgrip strength z‐score −2.4 ± 1.2, p < 0.001, total MVIC z‐score −2.9 ± 1.2, p < 0.001, and BOT‐2 z‐score −1.0 ± 0.9, p < 0.001. 6MWD (67 ± 11% predicted) correlated with most muscle measurements (r = 0.49−0.71, p = 0.001). Dynamic muscle function (BOT‐2) differed between WHO‐FC, whereas handgrip strength and MVIC did not. NT‐proBNP and time since diagnosis did not show significant correlations with muscle strength measurements. Muscle strength was significantly reduced in children with PAH and correlated with 6MWD, but not with disease severity markers WHO‐FC and NT‐pro‐BNP. The nature of this reduced muscle strength is yet unclear, but its occurrence in children with seemingly mild or well‐controlled PAH supports the concept of PAH being a systemic syndrome involving peripheral skeletal muscles