<b>Production and chemical composition of grasses and legumes cultivated in pure form, mixed or in consortium

The objective of this study was to assess the edible biomass and chemical composition of forages grown on pure form, as a grass mix, and in grass-legume consortia. The following species were tested: white oats (Avena sativa), black oats (Avena strigosa), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), forage peanut (Arachis pintoi), white clover (Trifolium repens), and red clover (Trifolium pratense). The experiment consisted of sixteen treatments arranged in a completely randomized design. The parameters measured were total dry matter (PMST), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and crude protein (CP). No significant differences in PMST were found among the consortia (p > 0.05). Only the pure cultivated white clover (p > 0.05) was comparable to the consortia in terms of biomass production. The three legumes had the lowest average NDF values (p > 0.05), based on their contributions to the total NDF content of the consortia along the cuts. The ADF content increased for all treatments during the cuts. The results indicate that in pasture, legumes increase protein content, and forage consortia increase both the pasture production and the grazing period. Their chemical composition is adequate for boosting livestock production in pastures.

Fracionamento dos carboidratos e dos constituintes nitrogenados de silagens de milho safrinha ensiladas com diferentes massas específicas

The present study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of carbohydrates and nitrogenous fractions of late-crop corn silages with different specific masses (SM; 90, 134, 172, and 214 kg dry matter m-3). The silage was held in 20-L mini-silos, and the experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications (mini-silos) per treatment. Fractionation was performed according to The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPSv5.0). The SM of the silage significantly affected the contents of ether extract ( ? = 1.718 + 0.0041?SM; P = 0.009; R2 = 39.2), soluble sugars ( ? = 0.9502 - 0.003445?SM; P < 0.001; R2 = 59.9), and soluble fiber ( ? = -0.4731 + 0.01158?SM; P = 0.025; R2 = 31.2). In addition, SM also affected carbohydrate fraction B1 in a linear manner ( ? = 14.88 + 0.2566?SM; P = 0.043; R2 = 38.4), whereas the remaining fractions were unaffected. Furthermore, no change was observed in total N ( ? = 2.003 - 0.01065?SM + 0.000036?SM2; P = 0.041; R2 = 38.8), non-protein N ( ? = 1.436 - 0.01103?SM + 0.000036?SM2; P = 0.060; R2 = 35.1), soluble N ( ? = 1.715 - 0.01450?SM + 0.00005?SM2; P = 0.024; R2 = 43.8), or neutral detergent insoluble N ( ? = 0.4979 - 0.001057?SM; P < 0.001; R2 = 70.6). The results also contributed to the differences in fractions A ( ? = 66.47- 0.5291?SM + 0.00174?SM2; P = 0.095; R2 = 30.4), B2 ( ? = 6.78 + 0.05857?SM; P = 0.076; R2 = 20.8), and B3 (? = 19.03 - 0.05565?SM; P = 0.018, R2 = 34,1) of the Cornell model. In the present study, differences in the compression (i.e., SM) of corn silages caused changes in the contents of soluble sugar and nitrogenous constituents; however, SM alone did not explain the entire preservation of the ensiled material.Objetivou-se avaliar alterações bromatológicas sobre as frações glicídicas e nitrogenadas de silagens de milho “safrinha” com diferentes massas específicas (ME) no momento da ensilagem (90, 134, 172 e 214 Kg de MS.m-3). A ensilagem foi realizada em minissilos com capacidade de 20 L. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições (minissilos) por tratamento. O fracionamento foi realizado segundo The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPSv5.0). A ME afetou linearmente os teores de extrato etéreo ? = 1,718 + 0,0041*ME (P = 0,009; R2 = 39,2), açúcares solúveis ? = 0,9502 - 0,003445*ME (P < 0,001; R2 = 59,9) e fibra solúvel ? = -0,4731 + 0,01158*ME (P = 0,025; R2 = 31,2). Nos carboidratos, a fração B1 apresentou comportamento linear ascendente ? = 14,88 + 0,2566*ME (P = 0,043; R2 = 38,4) com o aumento da ME, enquanto as demais frações não foram influenciadas. Nos constituintes nitrogenados houve variação no nitrogênio total ? = 2,003 - 0,01065*ME + 0,000036*ME2 (P = 0,041; R2 = 38,8), no nitrogênio não proteico ? = 1,436 - 0,01103*ME + 0,000036*ME2 (P = 0,060; R2 = 35,1), no nitrogênio solúvel ? = 1,715 - 0,01450*ME + 0,00005*ME2 (P = 0,024; R2 = 43,8) e no nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro ? = 0,4979 - 0,001057*ME (P < 0,001; R2 = 70,6), cujos resultados também contribuíram para as diferenças nas frações A ? = 66,47 - 0,5291*ME + 0,00174*ME2 (P = 0,095; R2=30,4), B2 ? = 6,78 + 0,05857*ME (P = 0,076; R2=20,8) e B3 ? = 19,03 - 0,05565*ME (P = 0,018; R2 = 34,1) do modelo de Cornell. A ME de compactação, de forma isolada, não serve para explicar, na totalidade, a preservação do material ensilado. Diferentes ME causam alterações no teor de açúcares solúveis das silagens de milho e nos constituintes nitrogenados

Carcass characteristics, meat quality, feeding behavior of Nelore heifers fed diets containing sunflower pie

The aim was to evaluate the feeding behavior, carcass characteristics and meat quality of Nelore heifers fed sunflower pie replacing cottonseed meal. They were used 30 heifers with average initial weight of 274 kg ± 28 kg and average age of 24 months, confined for 76 days. The design was completely randomized with five treatments (0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 g kg-1 DM) and six replicates per treatment. By completing 24 hours after slaughter, it evaluated muscle conformation and degree of finish made the longissimus dorsi at the 13th rib. A representative sample between the 10th and 12th ribs was collected for evaluation of the physical components of carcasses. As well as the other variables, the hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, carcass length and rib eye area were not influenced by different pie levels in feed. The mean percentage of muscle, bone and fat from the carcass were 53.45; 16.14 and 29.46%, respectively, similar among treatments. Therefore, the use of up to 600 g kg-1 of sunflower pie replacing cottonseed meal as the main protein source, did not affect the carcass characteristics and meat quality of Nelore heifers.

Adubação nitrogenada em cobertura para produção de trigo duplo propósito em sistema Integrago de Produção Agropecuária

Nowadays, there are numerous arrangements of Integrated Systems of Agricultural Production, due, the particularities of each region and/or rural enterprise. The use of dual-purpose species such as, for example, BRS Tarumã® wheat further intensifies the system, because there is plant-animal production in a short time. Study aimed to evaluate the production and chemical composition of dual purpose wheat pastures managed with different DAN during periods of spikelet terminal (ST) and anthesis (AN), aiming crop production (pasture and grain) and animal (milk and / or meat). The experimental randomized block design with five treatments (0, 75, 150, 225 e 300 Kg de N ha-1, in the form of ammonium nitrate) and four replications. The average biomass values before the first and the second grazing were respectively: 2,164 and 2,127 kg DM per hectare and the waste of about 824 and 1,772 kg of DM per hectare and the daily average accumulation rate between the two grazing DM was 86 kg per hectare at 17 day intervals. The variables, number of spikes per square meter, grain number per square meter, thousand grain weight, hectoliter weight and grain yield did not differ (P>0.05) between treatments. Nitrogen fertilization increases linearly (P=0.0017) the size of the spikes depending on nitrogen rates. For the linear variable layering increased (P=0.0001), indicating the susceptibility of the crop to high levels of nitrogen. The application of nitrogen fertilizer levels in dual purpose grazed wheat before the spikelet terminal stage and anthesis does not influence on grain yield variables. The nitrogen fertilization on wheat double purpose must be fractionated at tillering and after each grazing increasing the remobilization rate of nitrogen by culture.Atualmente, há inúmeros arranjos de Sistemas Integrados de Produção Agropecuária, em função, das particularidades de cada região e/ou empresa rural. A utilização de espécies de duplo propósito como, por exemplo, o trigo BRS Tarumã® intensifica ainda mais o sistema, pois há produção vegetal-animal em curto espaço de tempo. Objetivou-se avaliar a produção e a composição bromatológica de pastagens de trigo duplo propósito manejadas com diferentes DAN nos períodos de espigueta terminal (ET) e antese (AN), almejando produção vegetal (pastagem e grão) e animal (leite e/ou carne). Utilizou-se delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos (0, 75, 150, 225 e 300 Kg de N ha-1, sob a forma de nitrato de amônia) e quatro repetições. Os valores médios de biomassa antes do primeiro e do segundo pastejo foram respectivam ente de: 2.164 e 2.127 Kg de MS por hectare e os resíduos da ordem de 824 e 1.772 Kg de MS por hectare e a taxa de acúmulo diária média entre os dois pastejos foi 86 Kg de MS por hectare em 17 dias de intervalo. As variáveis número de espigas por metro quadrado, número de grão por metro quadrado, peso de mil grãos, peso do hectolitro e produção de grãos não diferiram (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. A adubação nitrogenada aumentou linearmente (P=0,0017) o tamanho das espigas, em função das doses de nitrogênio. Para a variável acamamento houve aumentou linear (P=0,0001), evidenciando a susceptibilidade da cultura para elevadas doses de nitrogênio. A aplicação de doses de adubação nitrogenada em trigo duplo propósito pastejado antes dos estádios de espigueta terminal e antese não influencia nas variáveis de rendimento de grão. A adubação nitrogenada em trigo duplo propósito deve ser fracionada no perfilhamento e após cada pastejo aumentando a taxa de remobilização do nitrogênio pela cultura

Produção de trigo duplo propósito com diferentes doses de adubação nitrogenada em cobertura

Currently, the practice of Crop-Livestock Integration is stimulated as a way of increasing the generation of foreign exchange for Brazil. Integrated systems improve land use efficiency as well as preserve, recover and increment or soil fertility. The aim of this research was to evaluate how different doses of nitrogen fertilization can affect production and quality of dual purpose wheat submitted to grazing. The experimental designed was randomized block with five treatments (0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 Kg N ha-1, like ammonium nitrate) and four repetitions. The forage yield, the percentage crude protein (P=.0001) and acid detergent insoluble protein (P=.0054) had a linear increased because of the nitrogen addition doses. The crude protein percentage changed the estimate of all soluble carbohydrates (P=.0001) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (P=.0186), but did not influence the, nitrogen detergent fiber corrected with ash and proteins percentage contributing for content cell. The crops production (P=.0001) and the number of kernels per ear (P=.0001) showed significantly difference because of the nitrogen additions dose, increasing the number of fertile flowers. The nitrogen topdressing alters forage production, the chemical composition and the production of dual purpose wheat grains subjected to grazing.Atualmente, é estimulada a prática de Integração Lavoura-Pecuária (ILP) como forma de incrementar a geração de divisas para o Brasil. Os sistemas integrados melhoram a eficiência de uso da terra, bem como preservam, recuperam e/ou incrementam a fertilidade do solo. Objetivou-se avaliar a produção e a composição bromatológica de trigo duplo propósito (TDP) manejado sob pastejo com diferentes doses de nitrogênio em cobertura (DAN): 0, 75, 150, 225 e 300 Kg de N ha-1, sob a forma de nitrato de amônia. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. A produção de forragem e os teores de proteína bruta (P=0,001) e proteína insolúvel em detergente ácido aumentaram (P=0,0054) linearmente, em função das DAN. O teor de proteína bruta (P=0,0001) impactou sobre as estimativas de carboidratos totais e de carboidratos não fibrosos, mas não influenciou (P=0,0186) os teores de fibra em detergente neutro corrigidas para cinzas e proteínas contribuindo para manutenção dos teores de conteúdo celular. A produção de grãos P=(0,0001) e o número de grãos por espigas diferiram (P=0,0001), em função das DAN, aumentando o número de flores férteis. A adubação nitrogenada em cobertura altera a produção de forragem, a composição bromatológica e a produção de grãos de trigo duplo propósito submetido à pastejo