Sinigrin content and allyl isothiocyanate concentration of whole ground mustard meal and the ability of allyl isothiocyanate to inhibit growth of \u3cem\u3ePhytophthora parasitica\u3c/em\u3e var. \u3cem\u3enicotianae, Meloidogyne incognita\u3c/em\u3e and possible factors for its action

Compounds hydrolyzed from decomposition of glucosinolates have the potential to reduce pest populations and possibly control many soilborne diseases. Sinigrin is a glucosinolate commonly found in Brassica species. Sinigrin concentrations in whole ground oriental mustard seed meal (OMM) obtained from 12 different lots ranged from 101 to 141 μM˙g-1 of OMM. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) concentrations evolving from sinigrin in corresponding seed lots ranged from 17 to 33 μM˙g-1. Conversion efficiency of sinigrin to AITC from these 12 lots was approximately 19 percent. Water volume and soil coverings may affect concentrations of AITC evolving from OMM. Increased amounts of water and use of polyethylene soil coverings negatively affected AITC concentrations. The concentrations of commercially obtained AITC and AITC evolved from OMM needed to produce 50% and 90% inhibition (IC50, IC90) of black shank (Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae) were calculated. Inhibitory concentrations (IC50, IC90) of AITC were 0.70 and 1.52 μM˙L-1, respectively. Inhibitory concentrations of IC50 and IC90 of AITC from OMM were 0.99 and 1.72 μM˙L-1, respectively. In a similar experiment, the lethal concentrations (LCs) of commercially available AITC, OMM and OMM mixed with soil were determined for root-knot nematode, (Meloidogyne incognita – RKN) eggs. The LC50 and LC90 for AITC were 0.78 and 1.94 μM˙L-1, respectively. The LC50 and LC90 for OMM were 0.44 and 1.22 μM˙L-1 and for OMM mixed with soil they were 0.88 and 1.99 μM˙L-1, respectively. Field tests were conducted to determine the effect of various rates of OMM and commercial fumigants (Telone C-35 and dazomet) on vermiform nematode populations at two locations. Statistical analysis suggested that neither commercially available soil fumigant negatively influencedvermiform nematode populations in the Flethcher or Knoxville location during 2003 or 2004; however, non-significant reductions were observed in nematode populations in plots with Telone or 2,242 kg˙ha-1 of OMM. Effects from OMM treatments were highly variable and were not significantly different from the control. Research from multiple laboratory experiments indicated that AITC has the potential to reduce or inhibit growth of both black shank and eggs of RKN. Results from treatments including OMM in field research, was highly variable and more research is needed to determine the extent of efficacy of this model

Proliferation of Pythium nunn (Lifshitz et al.) in Tennessee soils and the effects of sugars, oils and culture filtrates of Trichoderma spp. on growth and reproduction of Pythium nunn and Pythium ultimum (Trow)

Pythium nunn (N3) a mycoparasite of other Pythium spp. , was added to five Tennessee soils (Bruno, Bowdre, Fullerton, Morganfield, and Robinsonville) to study its ability to colonize these soils. Mycelial mats were mixed into the soils and N3\u27s inoculum density was determined weekly during an eight week incubation period. Numbers of colony forming units (cfu) fluctuated from nondetectable levels to 1040 cfu\u27s/g of soil in the second to fourth week of incubation and decreased to approximately 80 cfu\u27s or lower in the fourth to eighth week. In a separate experiment, N3 s ability to colonize Morganfield and Robinsonville soils was compared with it\u27s ability to colonize Nunn sandy loam soil (a soil from Colorado from which it was originally isolated). Colony forming units of N3 were higher in the Tennessee soils than in the soil from Colorado after five weeks of incubation. The effects of eight oils on growth and/or reproduction of Pythium nunn (N1) and N3 were determined. Wheat germ oil with 20 or 3 g/1 glucose or sucrose, consistently stimulated growth of N1 when compared to the other oils with sugar or controls. Codliver, wheat germ, sesame, and sunflower oils stimulated growth of N3. Several oils had varying effects on growth of both N1 and N3 when different sugars were used. Few or no sporangia of N3 formed in the oil and sugar combinations. These two Pythium spp. apparently have different chemical requirements for growth and reproduction. Isolates of Trichoderma koningii, T. harzianum, T. viride and T. pseudokoningii were tested for their abilities to inhibit growth and/or stimulate reproduction of N3 and N1. Culture filtrates of the isolates were sterilized by cold filtration or autoclaving, were seeded with agar plugs of N1 or N3. All filtrates tested inhibited growth of N1 and N3. Two isolates of T. viride inhibited growth and oospore formation of N1 to a greater extent than did the other Trichoderma species. There was no difference in inhibition of growth and oospore formation with autoclaved or cold filtrates. Stimulation of reproductive structures in N1 and N3 by filtrates of Trichoderma species was not observed. Inhibition of growth of N3 in filtrates of Trichoderma reduces the possibility of integrating P. nunn with Trichoderma as an effective biocontrol management system

W274 Black Root Rot of Tobacco

Version 2.

2013-2014 Kentucky & Tennessee Tobacco Production Guide

Tobacco growers in Kentucky and Tennessee have faced many challenges during the past two years, including weather, labor availability, and rising production costs. However, there have been opportunities as well. Some buying stations have closed or moved, but new buyers have come into the market and contract volumes have been stable overall. Good quality burley tobacco is in relatively short supply, and this has offered opportunities to those who have been able to overcome weather and labor challenges and produce good crops. These changes have had different impacts in different regions of both states, based largely on where buying stations closed and opened. Dark tobacco contract volumes have been more stable than burley, but dark tobacco growers have had challenges as well, including shortages of wood and quality sawdust needed to produce dark-fired tobacco. Labor costs have continued to rise as tobacco growers struggled to keep pace with changes in the H-2A labor program that allows them to legally employ migrant workers. Uncertainty about future regulatory action still hangs over the entire tobacco industry but does not seem as foreboding as two years ago. Overall, tobacco remains an important commodity in the agricultural economy of the region as growers prepare for future seasons

Glycosylation Focuses Sequence Variation in the Influenza A Virus H1 Hemagglutinin Globular Domain

Antigenic drift in the influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) is responsible for seasonal reformulation of influenza vaccines. Here, we address an important and largely overlooked issue in antigenic drift: how does the number and location of glycosylation sites affect HA evolution in man? We analyzed the glycosylation status of all full-length H1 subtype HA sequences available in the NCBI influenza database. We devised the “flow index” (FI), a simple algorithm that calculates the tendency for viruses to gain or lose consensus glycosylation sites. The FI predicts the predominance of glycosylation states among existing strains. Our analyses show that while the number of glycosylation sites in the HA globular domain does not influence the overall magnitude of variation in defined antigenic regions, variation focuses on those regions unshielded by glycosylation. This supports the conclusion that glycosylation generally shields HA from antibody-mediated neutralization, and implies that fitness costs in accommodating oligosaccharides limit virus escape via HA hyperglycosylation

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

Effect of Antiplatelet Therapy on Survival and Organ Support–Free Days in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19

International audienc