Effect of chloroquine on gene expression of during its sporogonic development in the mosquito vector-0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Effect of chloroquine on gene expression of during its sporogonic development in the mosquito vector"</p><p>Malaria Journal 2007;6():84-84.</p><p>Published online 2 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1940257.</p><p></p>tween sporozoite titration and the values obtained with the DNA standard curve used during the Real Time PCR assays

Effect of chloroquine on gene expression of during its sporogonic development in the mosquito vector-3

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Effect of chloroquine on gene expression of during its sporogonic development in the mosquito vector"</p><p>Malaria Journal 2007;6():84-84.</p><p>Published online 2 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1940257.</p><p></p>sion. Mice infected with were given orally 0.5, 25, 50 mg chloroquine/kg body weight. Blood was collected at 2, 24, 48 and 72 hours post treatment. Values represent the mean and standard error of three independent experiments. * Represents statistic significance

Effect of chloroquine on gene expression of during its sporogonic development in the mosquito vector-2

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Effect of chloroquine on gene expression of during its sporogonic development in the mosquito vector"</p><p>Malaria Journal 2007;6():84-84.</p><p>Published online 2 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1940257.</p><p></p>f three independent experiments at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours post-infection

Effect of chloroquine on gene expression of during its sporogonic development in the mosquito vector-1

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Effect of chloroquine on gene expression of during its sporogonic development in the mosquito vector"</p><p>Malaria Journal 2007;6():84-84.</p><p>Published online 2 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1940257.</p><p></p>squitoes had a second blood meal three days post-infection with or without chloroquine. Values represent the mean and standard error of three independent experiments. * Represents statistic significance

Effect of chloroquine on gene expression of during its sporogonic development in the mosquito vector-4

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Effect of chloroquine on gene expression of during its sporogonic development in the mosquito vector"</p><p>Malaria Journal 2007;6():84-84.</p><p>Published online 2 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1940257.</p><p></p>tween sporozoite titration and the values obtained with the DNA standard curve used during the Real Time PCR assays

Number of predicted AST-AR and peptide genes identified in arthropods and <i>C</i>. <i>elegans</i>.

<p>Accession numbers are available in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0130347#pone.0130347.s002" target="_blank">S1 Table</a>. The number of AST-A peptides is indicated within brackets and references are provided. The <i>T</i>. <i>urticae</i>, <i>D</i>. <i>plexippus</i>, <i>H</i>. <i>melpomene</i>, <i>S</i>. <i>invicta</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>darlingi</i> AST-A peptides were predicted by comparison with the insect homologues and identification of the C-terminal FGL-amide motif. * indicates species in which a putative <i>AST-AR</i> pseudogene (orthologue of the third Culicidae <i>AST-AR</i> gene) was identified. Data from <i>D</i>. <i>pulex</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>cephalotes</i> obtained from [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0130347#pone.0130347.ref115" target="_blank">115</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0130347#pone.0130347.ref116" target="_blank">116</a>].</p

Proposed model for the origin and evolution of the <i>AST-AR</i> genes.

<p>Circles with different colours represent the AST-AR (light blue), KISSR (green) and GALR (pink) family members. The tetraploidization events basal to vertebrate radiation (1R, 2R) and the teleost specific genome duplication (3R) are indicated. The circle with a cross indicates gene loss during evolution. Numbers within the circles indicate predicted gene numbers of each family. Gene number from early deuterostome and lophotrochozoa representatives were obtained from [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0130347#pone.0130347.ref041" target="_blank">41</a>]. For simplicity, lineage-specific duplications are not indicated and the time line is not drawn to scale. Receptor mapping for the vertebrate ancestral chromosomes (VAC) was obtained from [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0130347#pone.0130347.ref042" target="_blank">42</a>].</p

Amino acid sequence alignment of the dipteran AST-A mature peptides with the vertebrate KISS, GAL and SPX family members.

<p>The highly conserved FGL motif between AST-A and KISS peptides is indicated in bold and red and conserved N residues in bold and blue. Sequence conservation of GAL and SPX is indicated in italics and totally conserved are in italics and bold. The vertebrate predicted peptide sequences were obtained from [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0130347#pone.0130347.ref074" target="_blank">74</a>] and [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0130347#pone.0130347.ref042" target="_blank">42</a>] and the <i>Xenopus laevis</i> mature galanin peptide deduced from EU446417.1.</p

Capacity of the insect AST-A peptides to activate the <i>A</i>. <i>coluzzii</i> GPRALS.

<p>The mosquito Ano_AST-A1 and Ano_AST-A2 peptides and the cockroach BLAST-2 peptide were tested at several different concentrations and the response of the receptor monitored by measuring concentrations of intracellular calcium (RFU). The <i>D</i>. <i>melanogaster</i> DAR-2-RA receptor was used as a positive control: A) Response to BLAST-2 peptide (0.5 μM to 0.005 μM); B) Receptor response to the presence of decreasing concentrations of Ano_AST-A1 and Ano_AST-A2 peptides (1 μM to 1nM). A Kruskal-Wallis test with a Dunn’s Multiple Comparison test was performed using Prism GraphPad version 5 software. No significant differences were found.</p

Sequence identity and similarity of insect AST-ARs with human GALR1 and KISSR1.

<p>Percentages were calculated using the full-length amino acid sequence of the receptors.</p><p>Sequence identity and similarity of insect AST-ARs with human GALR1 and KISSR1.</p