CD8+ T cells amplify the expression of type 1 chemokines.

<p>The expression of chemoattractants at the mRNA level: (A) E-selectin, CCL17, CCL22 and (B) CCL27 expression in ear tissue, and (C) CCR10 expression in LN tissue. (D) CXCL9 and CXCL10 expression in ear tissue and (E) CXCR3 expression in LN tissue. Bars represent mean +SEM (n = 8 mice/group). *, p<0.05, **, p<0.01; and ***, p<0.001.</p

CD3+ cells were absent from the skin in the CD8+ T cell recipients.

<p>(A) Flow cytometric analyses of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in dLN cell suspensions (upper panels) and ear tissue cell supsensions (lower panels). (B) Immunohistochemical staining of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells in hapten exposed areas, (C) enumeration of the cells and D) Foxp3 expression at the mRNA level. The types of cell transfers are indicated in the insets in the figures. Bars represent mean +SEM (n = 8 mice/group). *, p<0.05, **, p<0.01; and ***, p<0.001.</p

CD8+ T cells amplify Th1 type responses at the site of hapten exposure.

<p>Oxazolone induced expression of (A) pro-inflammatory and type 2 mediators, (B,C) type 1 mediators, and (D) TGF-β, and (E) anti-inflammatory IL-10 at the mRNA level in the hapten exposed areas. Bars represent mean +SEM (n = 8 mice/group). *, p<0.05, **, p<0.01; and ***, p<0.001.</p

CD4+ T cells mediate ear swelling responses to oxazolone in the RAG−/− model.

<p>(A) The CHS adoptive transfer protocol, (B) ear swelling in the T cell recipients, and (C) recruitment of eosinophils and neutrophils, (D) F/80+ and CD11c+ cells, and (E) PDCA+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells to the areas of hapten exposure. (F) Representative immunohistochemical staining of PDCA+ in CD4+ recipients and in mice that received both subsets of T cells. Bars represent mean +SEM (n = 8 mice/group). *, p<0.05, **, p<0.01; and ***, p<0.001.</p

IFN-γ is expressed at normal levels in the T cells in the CD8+ T cell recipients.

<p>(A) The share of IFN-γ expressing (A) CD4+ T cells and (B) CD8+ T cells in the dLNs in the recipents of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and (C) in CD8+ T cells in the recipients of CD8+ T cells. The share of OX40+ CD8+ T cells in (A) recipients of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and in (B) recipients of CD8+ T cells.</p

Level of Fatty Acid Binding Protein 5 (FABP5) Is Increased in Sputum of Allergic Asthmatics and Links to Airway Remodeling and Inflammation

<div><p>Background</p><p>The inflammatory processes in the upper and lower airways in allergic rhinitis and asthma are similar. Induced sputum and nasal lavage fluid provide a non-invasive way to examine proteins involved in airway inflammation in these conditions.</p><p>Objectives</p><p>We conducted proteomic analyses of sputum and nasal lavage fluid samples to reveal differences in protein abundances and compositions between the asthma and rhinitis patients and to investigate potential underlying mechanisms.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Induced sputum and nasal lavage fluid samples were collected from 172 subjects with 1) allergic rhinitis, 2) asthma combined with allergic rhinitis, 3) nonallergic rhinitis and 4) healthy controls. Proteome changes in 21 sputum samples were analysed with two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), and the found differentially regulated proteins identified with mass spectrometry. Immunological validation of identified proteins in the sputum and nasal lavage fluid samples was performed with Western blot and ELISA.</p><p>Results</p><p>Altogether 31 different proteins were identified in the sputum proteome analysis, most of these were found also in the nasal lavage fluid. Fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) was up-regulated in the sputum of asthmatics. Immunological validation in the whole study population confirmed the higher abundance levels of FABP5 in asthmatic subjects in both the sputum and nasal lavage fluid samples. In addition, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level was increased in the nasal lavage fluid of asthmatics and there were positive correlations between FABP5 and VEGF levels (r=0.660, p<0.001) and concentrations of FABP5 and cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT) (r=0.535, p<0.001) in the nasal lavage fluid.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>FABP5 may contribute to the airway remodeling and inflammation in asthma by fine-tuning the levels of CysLTs, which induce VEGF production.</p></div

Major symptoms and HRCT findings.

a<p>before BAL procedure.</p>b<p>HRCT = high-resolution computed tomography.</p>c<p>Hypersensitivity pneumonitis.</p

Needlelike, short and thin multi-walled carbon nanotubes: comparison of effects on wild type and p53^+/− rat lungs

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are nanomaterials presenting an occupational inhalation risk during production or handling. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified one CNT, Mitsui-7 (MWNT-7), as ‘possibly carcinogenic to humans’. In recognition of their similarities, a proposal has been submitted to the risk assessment committee of ECHA to classify all fibers with ‘Fibre Paradigm’ (FP)-compatible dimensions as carcinogenic. However, there is a lack of clarity surrounding the toxicity of fibers that do not fit the FP criteria. In this study, we compared the effects of the FP-compatible Mitsui-7, to those of NM-403, a CNT that is too short and thin to fit the paradigm. Female Sprague Dawley rats deficient for p53 (GMO) and wild type (WT) rats were exposed to the two CNTs (0.25 mg/rat/week) by intratracheal instillation. Animals (GMO and WT) were exposed weekly for four consecutive weeks and were sacrificed 3 days or 8 months after the last instillation. Exposure to both CNTs induced acute lung inflammation. However, persistent inflammation at 8 months was only observed in the lungs of rats exposed to NM-403. In addition to the persistent inflammation, NM-403 stimulated hyperplasic changes in rat lungs, and no adenomas or carcinomas were detected. The degree and extent of hyperplasia was significantly more pronounced in GMO rats. These results suggest that CNT not meeting the FP criteria can cause persistent inflammation and hyperplasia. Consequently, their health effects should be carefully assessed.</p

The false color image of two-dimensional DIGE gel of BAL.

<p>The gel image represents the Cy3 labeled (red), Cy5 labeled (blue) and Cy2 labeled (yellow) patient samples. The latter is a pooled sample, which served as an internal standard. Spot abbreviations refer to the identified proteins listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0102624#pone.0102624.s005" target="_blank">Table S1</a>. Molecular weights are shown on the right edge of the gel and the pI range on the top part of the SDS-PAGE.</p

Patient characteristics.

<p>*Data available for ≥80% of samples.</p><p>**Data available for ≥75% of samples.</p>a<p>Damp building-related illness.</p>b<p>Agricultural type of microbial exposure.</p>c<p>Hypersensitivity pneumonitis.</p>d<p>Sarcoidosis.</p